CSTR反应器抗扰动能力的稳态模拟与动态模拟

本文以环氧丙烷PO水合法制1,2-丙二醇为例,对CSTR抗扰动能力进行了稳态及动态模拟的对比研究,分析了进料温度扰动对PO转化率的影响。结果表明:若进料温度升高,稳态与动态模拟结果一致,PO转化率增幅较小;当进料温度降温幅度4.00K时,稳态与动态模拟结果一致,PO转化率减幅较小;当进料温度降温幅度≥4.00K但高于熄火温度时,稳态模拟结果显示CSTR仍处于较高PO转化率状态,转化率变化较小,但动态模拟结果表明此时CSTR已从高PO转化率状态跌至低PO转化率状态,稳态与动态模拟结果不符;当进料温度降至熄火温度以下时,稳态与动态模拟结果一致,CSTR均从高PO转化率状态跌至低PO转化率状态。通过对比可知,动态模拟比稳态模拟能更真实地反映CSTR的抗扰动能力。     

Decomposition of energetic chemicals contaminated with iron or stainless steel

Contamination of chemicals or reaction mixtures with iron or stainless steel is likely to take place during chemical processing. If energetic and thermally unstable chemicals are involved in a manufacturing process, contamination with iron or stainless steel can impact the decomposition characteristics of these chemicals and, subsequently, the safety of the processes, and should be investigated. The goal of this project was to undertake a systematic approach to study the impact of iron or stainless steel contamination on the decomposition characteristics of different chemical classes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the decomposition reaction by testing each chemical pure, and in mixtures with iron and stainless steel. The following classes of energetic chemicals were investigated: nitrobenzenes, tetrazoles, hydrazines, hydroxylamines and oximes, sulfonic acid derivatives and monomers. The following non-energetic groups were investigated for contributing effects: halogens, hydroxyls, amines, amides, nitriles, sulfonic acid esters, carbonyl halides and salts of hydrochloric acid. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn regarding the sensitivity of the decomposition reaction to contamination with iron and stainless steel for the chemical classes listed above. It was demonstrated that the most sensitive classes are hydrazines and hydroxylamines/oximes. Contamination of these chemicals with iron or stainless steel not only destabilizes them, leading to decomposition at significantly lower temperatures, but also sometimes causes increased severity of the decomposition. The sensitivity of nitrobenzenes to contamination with iron or stainless steel depended upon the presence of other contributing groups: the presence of such groups as acid chlorides or chlorine/fluorine significantly increased the effect of contamination on decomposition characteristics of nitrobenzenes. The decomposition of sulfonic acid derivatives and tetrazoles was not impacted by presence of iron or stainless steel.     

Feasibility of periodic surface models to develop gas diffusion layers: A gas permeability study

A geometric modeling scheme called periodic surface model (PS) is used to construct three dimensional (3D) models of a gas diffusion layer's (GDL) microstructure, which allows for rapid model construction and modification of representative volume elements (RVE) with embedded periodic boundary conditions. The reconstructed PS models are optimized with the help of the genetic algorithm embedded in MATLAB to generate models with refined mesh for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The GDL geometry is built in ANSYS/ICEM CFD, automatically, using a customized code that couples MATLAB and ICEM. To verify the validity of the suggested modeling approach the microstructures of the GDLs with different porosity and fiber orientation are generated and the in-plane and through-plane permeability and tortuosity are calculated using ANSYS/FLUENT software. The numerically predicted values of in-plane and through-plane permeability are compared to experimental measurements. Using the genetic algorithm significantly decreases the fibers intersection volume in the RVE, especially as porosity decreases. It has been found that the tortuosity of the GDL is a function of the spatial orientation of the fibers in the RVE, when the fibers are at a small angle, the in-plane tortuosity can be higher than the through-plane tortuosity.     

Heat tolerance of Salmonella enterica serovars Agona, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium in peanut butter

Recent large foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella enterica serovars have been associated with consumption of foods with high fat content and reduced water activity, even though their ingredients usually undergo pasteurization. The present study was focused on the heat tolerance of Salmonella enterica serovars Agona, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium in peanut butter. The Salmonella serovars in the peanut butter were resistant to heat, and even at a temperature as high as 90 degrees C only 3.2-log reduction in CFU was observed. The obtained thermal inactivation curves were upwardly concave, indicating rapid death at the beginning (10 min) followed by lower death rates and an asymptotic tail. The curves fitted the nonlinear Weibull model with beta parameters < 1, indicating that the remaining cells have a lower probability of dying. beta at 70 degrees C (0.40 +/- 0.04) was significantly lower than beta at 80 degrees C (0.73 +/- 0.19) and 90 degrees C (0.69 +/- 0.17). Very little decrease in the viable population (less than 2-log decrease) was noted in cultures that were exposed to a second thermal treatment. Peanut butter is a highly concentrated colloidal suspension of lipid and water in a peanut meal phase. We hypothesized that differences in the local environments of the bacteria, with respect to fat content or water activity, explained the observed distribution and high portion of surviving cells (0.1%, independent of the initial cell number). These results demonstrate that thermal treatments are inadequate to consistently destroy Salmonella in highly contaminated peanut butter and that the pasteurization process cannot be improved significantly by longer treatment or higher temperatures.     

Effects of electrical stressing in power VDMOSFETs

The effects of gate bias stressing on threshold voltage and mobility in power VDMOSFETs and underlying changes in gate oxide-trapped charge and interface trap densities are presented and analysed in terms of the mechanisms responsible. It is shown that gate bias stressing causes significant threshold voltage shift and mobility degradation in power VDMOSFETs; the negative bias stressing causes more rapid initial changes of both threshold voltage and mobility, but the final threshold voltage shift and mobility reduction are significantly larger in devices stressed by positive gate bias. In the case of positive bias stressing, electron tunnelling from neutral oxide traps associated with trivalent silicon defects into the oxide conduction band is proposed as the main mechanism responsible for positive oxide-trapped charge buildup, while subsequent hole tunnelling from the charged oxide traps to interface-trap precursors Si_s–H is shown to be the dominant mechanism responsible for the interface trap buildup. In the case of negative bias stressing, hole tunnelling from the silicon valence band to oxygen vacancy defects is shown to be responsible for positive oxide-trapped charge buildup, while subsequent electro-chemical reactions of interfacial precursors Si_s–H with the charged oxide traps and H⁺ ions are proposed to be responsible for interface trap buildup.     

Efficient accurate syntactic direct translation models: one tree at a time

A challenging aspect of Statistical Machine Translation from Arabic to English lies in bringing the Arabic source morpho-syntax to bear on the lexical as well as word-order choices of the English target string. In this article, we extend the feature-rich discriminative Direct Translation Model 2 (DTM2) with a novel linear-time parsing algorithm based on an eager, incremental interpretation of Combinatory Categorial Grammar. This way we can reap the benefits of a target syntactic enhancement that leads to more grammatical output while also enabling dynamic decoding without the risk of blowing up decoding space and time requirements. Our model defines a mix of model parameters, some of which involve DTM2 source morpho-syntactic features, and others are novel target side syntactic features. Alongside translation features extracted from the derived parse tree, we explore syntactic features extracted from the incremental derivation process. Our empirical experiments show that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art DTM2 system.     

Eggshell nano-particle potential for methyl violet and mercury ion removal: Surface study and field application

A nano-scale sorbent was produced from eggshell wastes for sorption of Hg(II) and methyl violet (MV) from aqueous solutions and real wastewaters. The properties of the nano-particles were fully determined using SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA, AFM, EDAX, mapping, and TEM analyses. The adsorbent structure mainly contained carbonate and silica. The effects of influential parameters including temperature, contact time, initial contaminants concentration, sorbent dose, and initial pH on the removal efficiency were investigated. The maximum sorption efficiency of Hg(II) and MV occurred at pH of 6 and 9 and temperatures of 25 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Freundlich model could be interpreted the equilibrium data of the sorption process of both contaminants. The maximum sorption capacity of Hg(II) and MV using eggshell nano-particles was obtained as 116.27 mg/g and 123.45 mg/g, respectively. The dynamic behavior of the process was studied using two kinetic models. The sorption system performance was also examined and t_1/2 were determined as 4.34 min for Hg(II) and 4.97 min for MV. The sorption process of Hg(II) and MV was exothermic and endothermic, respectively. Effective sorption after seven cycles and successful treatment of landfill leachate and textile wastewater with eggshell nano-particles confirms its adequacy.     

半密闭灭弧腔室内电弧运动特性的三维仿真和实验

在配网线路防雷中,利用多个半密闭灭弧腔室串联将长空气间隙电弧分段淬灭的多腔室灭弧结构因其优异的灭弧性能,受到学者的广泛关注.在应用于配网线路雷电防护时,多腔室灭弧结构中的气体间隙被击穿后,冲击电弧在半密闭灭弧腔室内的运动特性直接影响该结构的灭弧性能.为了研究冲击电弧在灭弧腔室内的运动特性,该文将气流场、流体传热场、电磁场多场全耦合,建立单个半密闭灭弧腔室内冲击电弧的三维数值仿真模型,分析电弧从腔室内运动到腔室外的动态演变过程;搭建冲击电流试验平台,利用高速摄像机拍摄了电弧从腔室内运动到腔室外的图像,分析电弧运动图像的特征.结果表明,仿真得到的电弧完全运动到腔室外的时刻和电弧完全熄灭的时刻与试验图像特征吻合,验证了仿真模型的准确性;得到了腔室内电弧温度、腔室内压强和气流速度随时间整体呈现先急剧增加后缓慢减小的趋势;当电弧电流为波形8/20μs、幅值2kA时,腔室内的电弧温度最高可达41000K,压强最大达2MPa,气流速度最大达3000m/s.     

MnO2@Zeolite-Y Nanoporous: Preparation and Application as a High Efficient Catalyst for Multi-Component Synthesis of 4-Arylidene-Isoxazolidinones

Silicon - In this project, nano-MnO2@zeolite-Y (NMOZ) was successfully prepared via hydrothermal technique and its structure was confirmed using FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and BET analyses. MnO2...