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31.
Rossi L Rumley L Ort C Minkkinen P Barry DA Chèvre N 《Water science and technology》2011,63(12):2975-2982
Sampling is a key step in the analysis of chemical compounds. It is particularly important in the environmental field, for example for wastewater effluents, wet-weather discharges or streams in which the flows and concentrations vary greatly over time. In contrast to the improvements that have occurred in analytical measurement, developments in the field of sampling are less active. However, sampling errors may exceed by an order of magnitude those related to analytical processes. We proposed an Internet-based application based on a sampling theory to identify and quantify the errors in the process of taking samples. This general theory of sampling, already applied to different areas, helps to answer questions related to the number of samples, their volume, their representativeness, etc. The use of the internet to host this application facilitates use of theoretical tools and raise awareness of the uncertainties related to sampling. An example is presented, which highlights the importance of the sampling step in the quality of analytical results. 相似文献
32.
Natashia Boland Barry D. Hughes Liam T.G. Merlot Peter J. Stuckey 《Computers & Operations Research》2008
The most complete form of academic timetabling problem is the population and course timetabling problem. In this problem, there may be multiple classes of each subject, and the decision on which students are to constitute each class is made in concert with the decision on the timetable for each class. In order to solve this problem, it is normally simplified or decomposed in some fashion. One simplification commonly used in practice is known as blocking: it is assumed that the classes can be partitioned into sets of classes (or blocks) that will be timetabled in parallel. This restricts clashing to occur only between classes in the same block, and essentially removes the timetabling aspect of the problem, which can be carried out once the blocks are constituted and the classes populated. The problem of constituting the blocks and populating the classes, known as the course blocking and population problem, is nevertheless a challenging problem, and provides the focus of this paper. We demonstrate, using data provided by a local high school, that integer linear programming approaches can solve the problem in a matter of seconds. Key features include remodelling to remove symmetry caused by students with identical subject selection, and the observation that in practice, only integrality of the block composition variables needs to be enforced; the class population aspects of the model have strong integrality properties. 相似文献
33.
The Internet is full of unwanted traffic, from junk mail, to advertising and scams that pose as social media, to fake "clicks" on ads, to denial-of-service attacks against online services. Each type causes problems in one way or another, and network operators have to work hard to identify and eliminate unwanted traffic. This issue examines the overall problem, and presents a selection of research into mitigation. 相似文献
34.
A major problem in empirical software engineering is to determine or ensure comparability across multiple sources of empirical
data. This paper summarizes experiences in developing and applying a software engineering technology testbed. The testbed
was designed to ensure comparability of empirical data used to evaluate alternative software engineering technologies, and
to accelerate the technology maturation and transition into project use. The requirements for such software engineering technology
testbeds include not only the specifications and code, but also the package of instrumentation, scenario drivers, seeded defects,
experimentation guidelines, and comparative effort and defect data needed to facilitate technology evaluation experiments.
The requirements and architecture to build a particular software engineering technology testbed to help NASA evaluate its
investments in software dependability research and technology have been developed and applied to evaluate a wide range of
technologies. The technologies evaluated came from the fields of architecture, testing, state-model checking, and operational
envelopes. This paper will present for the first time the requirements and architecture of the software engineering technology
testbed. The results of the technology evaluations will be analyzed from a point of view of how researchers benefitted from
using the SETT. The researchers just reported how their technology performed in their original findings. The testbed evaluation
showed (1) that certain technologies were complementary and cost-effective to apply; (2) that the testbed was cost-effective
to use by researchers within a well-specified domain of applicability; (3) that collaboration in testbed use by researchers
and the practitioners resulted comparable empirical data and in actions to accelerate technology maturity and transition into
project use, as shown in the AcmeStudio evaluation; and (4) that the software engineering technology testbed’s requirements
and architecture were suitable for evaluating technologies and accelerating their maturation and transition into project use.
相似文献
Barry BoehmEmail: |
35.
36.
Amino acid changes S180A (S-->A at site 180), H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S are known to shift the maximum wavelength of absorption (lambda max) of red and green visual pigments toward blue, essentially in an additive fashion. To test the generality of this "five-sites" rule, we have determined the partial amino acid sequences of red and green pigments from five mammalian orders (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, and Rodentia). The result suggests that cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis familiaris), and goat (Capra hircus) pigments all with AHYTA at the five critical sites have lambda max values of approximately 530 nm, whereas rat (Rattus norvegicus) pigment with AYYTS has a lambda max value of approximately 510 nm, which is accurately predicted by the five-sites rule. However, the observed lambda max values of the orthologous pigments of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), and guinea pig (Cavia procellus) are consistently more than 10 nm higher than the predicted values, suggesting the existence of additional molecular mechanisms for red and green color vision. The inferred amino acid sequences of ancestral organisms suggest that the extant mammalian red and green pigments appear to have evolved from a single ancestral green-red hybrid pigment by directed amino acid substitutions. 相似文献
37.
FC Blow KL Barry BJ BootsMiller LA Copeland R McCormick S Visnic 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,32(5):311-319
Within a fungal species, a subset of individuals may have more than the minimal complement of chromosomes. If the extra chromosomes are composed primarily of DNA not found in all representatives of the species, they are most appropriately referred to as supernumerary chromosomes. The patterns of repeated DNA sequences on certain supernumerary chromosomes suggest that they have a different evolutionary history from the essential chromosomes in the same genome. Supernumerary chromosomes can carry functional genes and, in at least two fungal species, genes on such chromosomes play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Supernumerary chromosomes that confer an adaptive advantage in certain habitats, such as the ability to cause disease on a specific host, may be referred to as "conditionally dispensable" chromosomes in order to reflect their importance in some, but not all, growth conditions. In addition to describing the structural and functional characteristics of known supernumerary chromosomes in fungi, this review discusses the relative merits of the terms that have been used to describe them, and establishes experimental criteria for their identification. 相似文献
38.
Abhishek Arun Barry Haddow Philipp Koehn Adam Lopez Chris Dyer Phil Blunsom 《Machine Translation》2010,24(2):103-121
Recent advances in statistical machine translation have used approximate beam search for NP-complete inference within probabilistic
translation models. We present an alternative approach of sampling from the posterior distribution defined by a translation
model. We define a novel Gibbs sampler for sampling translations given a source sentence and show that it effectively explores
this posterior distribution. In doing so we overcome the limitations of heuristic beam search and obtain theoretically sound
solutions to inference problems such as finding the maximum probability translation and minimum risk training and decoding. 相似文献
39.
Tim Menzies Ye Yang George Mathew Barry Boehm Jairus Hihn 《Empirical Software Engineering》2017,22(5):2658-2683
More than half the literature on software effort estimation (SEE) focuses on comparisons of new estimation methods. Surprisingly, there are no studies comparing state of the art latest methods with decades-old approaches. Accordingly, this paper takes five steps to check if new SEE methods generated better estimates than older methods. Firstly, collect effort estimation methods ranging from “classical” COCOMO (parametric estimation over a pre-determined set of attributes) to “modern” (reasoning via analogy using spectral-based clustering plus instance and feature selection, and a recent “baseline method” proposed in ACM Transactions on Software Engineering). Secondly, catalog the list of objections that lead to the development of post-COCOMO estimation methods. Thirdly, characterize each of those objections as a comparison between newer and older estimation methods. Fourthly, using four COCOMO-style data sets (from 1991, 2000, 2005, 2010) and run those comparisons experiments. Fifthly, compare the performance of the different estimators using a Scott-Knott procedure using (i) the A12 effect size to rule out “small” differences and (ii) a 99 % confident bootstrap procedure to check for statistically different groupings of treatments. The major negative result of this paper is that for the COCOMO data sets, nothing we studied did any better than Boehms original procedure. Hence, we conclude that when COCOMO-style attributes are available, we strongly recommend (i) using that data and (ii) use COCOMO to generate predictions. We say this since the experiments of this paper show that, at least for effort estimation, how data is collected is more important than what learner is applied to that data. 相似文献
40.
Mark Weiser described ubiquitous computing as “invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of
any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere”[1]. The EasyLiving project is concerned with development of an architecture and
technologies for ubiquitous computing environments that allow the dynamic aggregation of diverse I/O devices into a single
coherent user experience. Though the need for research in distributed computing, perception and interfaces is widely recognised,
the importance of an explicit geometric world model for enhancing the user’s experience of a ubiquitous computing system has
not been well-articulated. This paper describes three scenarios that benefit from geometric context and introduces the EasyLiving
Geometric Model. 相似文献