Effective molarities in supramolecular catalysis of two-substrate reactions

Reactivity data related to processes in which molecular receptors promote the reaction of two simultaneously complexed reactants have been surveyed and analyzed in terms of effective molarity (EM). Methods and criteria for the calculation of reliable EM's have been highlighted. Extension of a previous extrathermodynamic treatment of intramolecular reactions of bifunctional chains to the intracomplex reactions of the ternary complexes involved in two-substrate catalyzed reactions has provided a sound framework for a comparative analysis of reactivity and catalytic efficiency in structurally diverse and apparently unrelated systems.     

Stay with the flow: How macroinvertebrate communities recover during the rewetting phase in Alpine streams affected by an exceptional drought

Droughts are affecting an increasing number of lotic ecosystems worldwide due to the combined effects of climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Unlike naturally intermittent rivers, where the drying phase is a part of the annual flow regime, water scarcity in Alpine rivers represents a relatively recent phenomenon and, therefore, a major threat for the biodiversity of these lotic ecosystems. However, Alpine stream community response to drought is still poorly investigated. Here, we assess the recovery of macroinvertebrates in two Alpine streams after a supraseasonal drought. As water returned, a total of 10 sampling sessions were carried out, and temporal patterns in diversity, density, and taxonomic composition of benthic communities, as well as in the percentage of functional feeding groups, were investigated. We found that the resistance of invertebrate communities in Alpine streams is generally low: drought markedly reduced the diversity and density of macroinvertebrates. Conversely, our results suggest that the passive dispersal by drift from the upstream river sections seems the most probable mechanism promoting the post‐drought recovery. Nevertheless, this resilience ability appears to be stream specific and influenced by intrinsic stream characteristics, including the flow permanence and distance from the nearest upstream perennial reach. This work sheds light on the ecological consequences of droughts on macroinvertebrate communities. As flow intermittency in Alpine areas is expected to intensify under current global change scenarios, results of this study provide important information to predict changes in the taxonomic composition and diversity of macroinvertebrate communities.     

Evolving robots able to self-localize in the environment: the importance of viewing cognition as the result of processes occurring at different time-scales

In this paper we address the problem of synthesizing mobile robots able to solve problems in which they cannot merely react to sensory input, but have to maintain an internal state as well. More precisely, we shall show how autonomous robots synthesized through an evolutionary process can solve problems that necessarily require an ability to integrate sensorimotor information over time. By presenting the result of a set of experiments in which evolving robots are asked to navigate and self-localize in the environment, we shall show that successful results can be achieved by providing evolving individuals with neural controllers with neurons that: (a) vary their activity at different rates to detect regularities at different time-scales in the sensorimotor flow; and (b) use thresholded activation functions to detect events extending over time.     

A lagrangian propagator for artificial neural networks in constraint programming

This paper discusses a new method to perform propagation over a (two-layer, feed-forward) Neural Network embedded in a Constraint Programming model. The method is meant to be employed in Empirical Model Learning, a technique designed to enable optimal decision making over systems that cannot be modeled via conventional declarative means. The key step in Empirical Model Learning is to embed a Machine Learning model into a combinatorial model. It has been showed that Neural Networks can be embedded in a Constraint Programming model by simply encoding each neuron as a global constraint, which is then propagated individually. Unfortunately, this decomposition approach may lead to weak bounds. To overcome such limitation, we propose a new network-level propagator based on a non-linear Lagrangian relaxation that is solved with a subgradient algorithm. The method proved capable of dramatically reducing the search tree size on a thermal-aware dispatching problem on multicore CPUs. The overhead for optimizing the Lagrangian multipliers is kept within a reasonable level via a few simple techniques. This paper is an extended version of [27], featuring an improved structure, a new filtering technique for the network inputs, a set of overhead reduction techniques, and a thorough experimentation.     

Robust linear parameter‐varying control of induction motors

The paper deals with the motion control of an induction motor. Because the nonlinear state equations describing the dynamics of such a machine can be embedded into a linear model with the rotor speed ω as a varying parameter, advantage is taken of some recent results on the control of linear parameter‐varying systems, thus ensuring stability independently of how the varying parameter changes in time within a compact set. The adopted control structure consists of a fast inner electric loop that controls the stator currents and an outer mechanical loop that generates the torque acting on the motor shaft. Of crucial importance is the design of the internal model controller for the current loop. In particular, it is proved that an algebraically equivalent electric motor model admits a Lyapunov function that, together with its Lyapunov derivative, is independent of ω and of all motor parameters. This result allows us to find an upper bound on the norm of the Youla–Kucera parameter that ensures robust stability against speed measurement errors. Simulations carried out on a benchmark motor model show that the adopted control strategy performs well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Groundwater use in Spain: an overview in light of the EU Water Framework Directive

In semi-arid regions, aquifers provide a series of practical advantages that make them preferential sources of water supply. In Spain, groundwater meets about one-fifth of the total water demand and is used to irrigate over one-third of the total irrigated land. This article examines groundwater use in Spain from the perspective of the EU Water Framework Directive. Analysis of different sector uses suggests that core problems (and solutions) related to groundwater lie in agricultural uses and that the Directive's environmental requirements remain distant from reality on the ground, where economic, political and social reasons prevail on legal obligations set by national and supranational authorities.     

A flexible FPGA implementation for illuminance–reflectance video enhancement

Digital cameras, new generation phones, commercial TV sets and, in general, all modern devices for image acquisition and visualization can benefit from algorithms for image enhancement suitable to work in real time and preferably with limited power consumption. Among the various methods described in the scientific literature, Retinex-based approaches are able to provide very good performances, but unfortunately they typically require a high computational effort. In this article, we propose a flexible and effective architecture for the real-time enhancement of video frames, suitable to be implemented in a single FPGA device. The video enhancement algorithm is based on a modified version of the Retinex approach. This method, developed to control the dynamic range of poorly illuminated images while preserving the visual details, has been improved by the adoption of a new model to perform illuminance estimation. The video enhancement parameters are controlled in real time through an embedded microprocessor which makes the system able to modify its behavior according to the characteristics of the input images, and using information about the surrounding light conditions.