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311.
Summary
In this paper thermal behavior of some HNBR blends with CPE, PVC, CR and NBR at three temperatures, 150, 170 and 190°C is
presented. Changes in characteristic IR bands, gel fraction, and chlorine content were assessed. Some mechanistic differences
between the studied systems, regarding the involvement the depletion of chlorine and modification in gel content, were pointed
out. Cyclization of nitrile structure was also observed by means of 2240 cm−1 band ascribed to >C=NH. Kinetic considerations are presented.
Received: 3 June 2002/Revised version: 14 November 2002/ Accepted 20 November 2002
Correspondence to Traian Zaharescu 相似文献
312.
Sungho Jin 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2003,32(12):1366-1370
In packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), optical, and electronic devices, there is a need to directly bond a
wide variety of inorganic materials, such as oxides, nitrides, and semiconductors. Such applications involve hermetic-sealing
components, three-dimensional MEMS assembly components as well as active semiconductor or optical components, dielectric layers,
diffusion barriers, waveguides, and heat sinks. These materials are known to be very difficult to wet and bond with low melting-point
solders. New Sn-Ag- or Au-Sn-based universal solders doped with a small amount of rare-earth (RE) elements have been developed,
which now allow direct and powerful bonding onto the surfaces of various MEMS, optical, or electronic device materials. The
microstructure, interface properties, and mechanical behavior of the bonds as well as the potential packaging applications
of these new solder materials for MEMS and optical fiber devices are described. Various packaging-related structural, thermal,
or electrical issues in MEMS are also discussed. 相似文献
313.
Fretting fatigue is one of the most important phenomena for inducing a significant reduction of fatigue strength and consequently,
leading to unexpected failure accidents of the engineering structures even at very low stresses. In the present study, both
plain and fretting fatigue tests with zero mean stress were carried out on two different types of steel, low-carbon steel
and martensitic stainless steel, by means of a reversed bending fatigue testing machine. The drop in the fatigue strengths
through fretting at vise clamp-specimen interface were significant for both tested steels. The fretting processes produced
a reduction in fatigue strength of about 27% for low-carbon steel and 16% for martensitic stainless steel. 相似文献
314.
315.
Co-evolution as a computational and cognitive model of design 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Co-evolutionary design has been developed as a computational model that assumes two parallel search spaces: the problem space
and the solution space. The design process iteratively searches each space using the other space as the basis for a fitness
function when evaluating the alternatives. Co-evolutionary design can also be developed as a cognitive model of design by
characterizing the way in which designers iteratively search for a design solution, making revisions to the problem specification.
This paper presents the computational model of co-evolutionary design and then describes a protocol study of human designers
looking for evidence of co-evolution of problem specifications and design solutions. The study shows that co-evolutionary
design is a good cognitive model of design and highlights the similarities and differences between the computational model
and the cognitive model. The results show that the two kinds of co-evolutionary design complement each other, having strengths
in different aspects of the design process.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
316.
The microstructure and thermal behavior of the Sn-Zn-Ag solder were investigated for 8.73–9% Zn and 0–3.0% Ag. The scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows the Ag-Zn compound when the solder contains 0.1% Ag. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
results indicate that Ag5Zn8 and AgZn3 become prominent when the Ag content is 0.3% and above. Meanwhile, the Zn-rich phase is refined, and the Zn orientations
gradually diminish upon increase in Ag content. The morphology of the Ag-Zn compound varies from nodular to dendrite structure
when the Ag content increases. The growth of the Ag-Zn compounds is accompanied by the diminishing of the eutectic structure
of the Sn-9Zn solder. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigation reveals that the solidus temperature of these
solders exists at around 198°C. A single, sharp exothermic peak was found for the solders with Ag content less than 0.5%.
Liquidus temperatures were identified with the DSC analysis to vary from 206°C to 215°C when the Ag content ranges from 1.0%
to 3.0% 相似文献
317.
M. D. Joseph Sebastian B. Rudraswamy M. C. Radhakrishna Ramani 《Bulletin of Materials Science》2003,26(5):509-515
Cobalt ferrite (CoxFe3?xO4) is prepared in powder form by thermal decomposition of iron and cobalt salts and is analysed by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques. The variation of Mössbauer parameters, lattice parameters and crystallite size of the products formed with variation in the composition of Fe and Co ratios are studied. The studies confirm the formation of nano-size cobalt ferrite particles with defect structure and it is found to be maximum for the Fe : Co = 60 : 40 ratio of the initial precursor oxides. 相似文献
318.
Woo-Seok Cheong 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2003,32(4):249-253
For the lowest resistance, it is required to have the epitaxial silicon contact between the silicon plug and the substrate
and good step coverage at the high aspect-ratio contact holes, simultaneously. In this work, a double polysilicon (DPS) deposition
technique was proposed for the requirements. The first, thin silicon layer is deposited in a single-wafer process chamber
with an in-situ H2-RTP (rapid thermal process) treatment for the epitaxial contact, and the second silicon layer is formed in a batch-type furnace
for good step coverage. From chain resistance, Kelvin Rc, and current-voltage (I–V) measurement, the DPS process meets both low resistance and good uniformity, so that it suggests
a breakthrough in the small-sized, semiconductor device application. 相似文献
319.
320.
It is generally appreciated that the mechanical behavior of granular media depends fundamentally on the interaction of the
constituent particles, and that the validity of numerical models of granular media would be greatly improved with knowledge
of the grain-scale mechanics. However, most supporting experimental work has been conducted on highly idealized materials,
and a limited amount of information exists on grain-scale force–displacement relationships for naturally occurring materials.
To address this shortcoming, we are conducting a program that integrates laboratory experiments on grains of naturally occurring
aggregate with the discrete element modeling method, with the goal of relating the grain-scale physical and mechanical properties
of granular media to bulk behavior. The paper describes the equipment and methods that have been developed to conduct close-loop
controlled, grain-scale experiments under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, and presents results from an initial set
of experiments on unbonded grains. The implications of the grain-scale results to the discrete element model are discussed.
Discussions center on the applicability of a physically based approach to the mechanics of granular media in general. In light
of future exploration missions and the resulting need to predict the mechanical properties of lunar and planetary regoliths,
the paper examines the potential usefulness of our physically based approach to the problem of predicting the behavior of
the types of materials found in those environments. 相似文献