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991.
Abrasives manufactured via the Sol-Gel route have increased the grinding efficiency of conventional abrasive grinding tools to a remarkable degree in the past ten years. Little is known, however, about detailed wear mechanisms of the abrasive on a nanometer scale. Sliding tests on a pin-on-disk tribometer and single grit scratching tests have therefore been performed in order to identify the wear mechanisms of these innovative materials. TEM-analysis has revealed that severe plastic deformation combined with both crack bridging and crack deflecting effects in the second phase characterise the abrasive rim zone. The surface of the abrasive is covered with an oxide debris layer which substantially improves the tribological behaviour. 相似文献
992.
S.J. Curran R.E. Hayes A. Afacan M.C. Williams P.A. Tanguy 《Journal of food science》2002,67(1):176-180
ABSTRACT: The effect of pH on the non-Newtonian viscosity (η)of aqueous Carbopol 940 solutions is presented with high resolution (pH increments about 0.4) between pH = 2.8 and 12.7. Aqueous NaOH was used to adjust pH of 1.48 wt % Carbopol solutions. A Contraves viscometer was used to measure steady-flow shear stress at known shear rate (γ) over the range γ= 8 to 195 s−1 . Yield stresses and shear-thinning η(γ) were observed. Data were fitted with a Herschel-Bulkley model, whose parameters (including yield stress) were expressed as functions of pH. Comparisons were made of η(γ) to the dynamic viscometric properties η'(ω) and η*(ω) for comparable ranges of γ and frequency (ω): A fairly close match was found between η and η* but η«η'. pH dependence included previously unreported extrema of h(pH) in the range of pH = 6.2 to 6.6. Because of sensitive control of rheological properties with pH, Carbopol solutions can be used to mimic a great range of shear-thinning and yield-stress behavior that should make them useful for model studies directed toward process and equipment design and evaluation. 相似文献
993.
ABSTRACT: Physical aging of amorphous anhydrous fructose at temperature 5 °C and at 22 °C was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic glass transition temperature, Tg0 for unaged samples was 16 °C and 13.3 °C for heating rate of 10 °C/min and 1 °C/min, respectively. The fictive temperature, Tf0 for unaged samples calculated by Richardson and Savill method was 12 °C, which is close to the dynamic value obtained from the lower DSC heating rate. The fictive temperature Tf of the aged fructose glasses at temperatures both below and above the transition region was fitted well by a non-exponential decay function (Williams-Watts form). Aging above the transition region (22 °C) for 18 d increased both the dynamic glass transition temperature Tg and the fictive temperature Tf . However, aging below the transition region (5 °C) for 1 d increased the dynamic glass transition temperature Tg but decreased the fictive temperature Tf . 相似文献
994.
V. Psota I. Boha
enko J. Hartmann M. Budinsk J. Chmelík 《Journal of the Institute of Brewing》2002,108(2):200-203
A newly developed method GFFF (Gravitational Field‐Flow Fractionation) and the well known method LALLS (Low Angle Laser Light Scattering) were used to assess starch granule size distribution of ten varieties of spring barley. As a distribution criterion, the ratio of starch granule content larger than 8 μm (type A) and smaller than 8 μm (type B) was chosen. Both methods divided the observed set in a similar way. Varieties Akcent, Forum and Atribut formed a variety set with the highest ratio of large and small starch granules. Varieties Scarlet and Kompakt had intermediate ratios. The remaining five varieties Amulet, Novum, Olbram, Tolar and Krona had the lowest ratios of large and small starch granules. Statistical analysis showed that there was a highly significant correlation between the GFFF and LALLS methods. 相似文献
995.
1-GHz-spaced 16-channel arrayed-waveguide grating for a wavelength reference standard in DWDM network systems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We fabricated a 1-GHz-spaced 16-channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) by using a new AWG configuration where the path of each arrayed waveguide winds backward and forward across a 4-in diameter wafer without crossing any other waveguides. The ultra-narrow (< 1 GHz) and stable transmission bands of this AWG can be used to construct a wavelength reference standard covering the S, C, and L bands in the dense wavelength-division-multiplexing network systems whose frequency deviation is /spl plusmn/160 MHz. 相似文献
996.
Krahenbuhl R. Howerton M.M. Dubinger J. Greenblatt A.S. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2002,20(1):92-99
High-performance Y-branch digital optical switches realized in Ti:LiNbO3 are presented. Their switching response functions have been optimized in terms of switch voltage and crosstalk ratio. The optimization is based on analyzing different types of waveguide shaping and switching arrangements using coupled mode theory and computer simulations. Excellent switching characteristics are achieved with devices exploiting a specially shaped waveguide branch in a dilated switch arrangement. Demonstrated performances include switching voltage as low as 9 V with crosstalk suppression better than 45 dB and fiber-to-fiber losses as low as 4 dB. Polarization independence with crosstalk suppression better than 40 dB over a 1520- to 1570-nm wavelength range is achieved for any applied switch voltage greater than 18 V. These optimized digital optical switches have further demonstrated the capability to reshape electrical input signals at switching rates of several hundred megahertz 相似文献
997.
Yuansheng Tang Fujiwara T. Kasami T. 《IEEE transactions on information theory / Professional Technical Group on Information Theory》2002,48(8):2401-2405
The generalized minimum distance (GMD) and Chase (1972) decoding algorithms are some of the most important suboptimum bounded distance decoding algorithms for binary linear block codes over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. We compute the limitation of the ratio between the probability of decoding error for the GMD or any one of the Chase decoding algorithms and that of the maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approaches infinity. If the minimum Hamming distance of the code is greater than 2, the limitation is shown to be equal to 1 and thus the GMD and Chase decoding algorithms are asymptotically optimum. 相似文献
998.
A 32-channel 12.5 GHz-spaced free-space demux with low crosstalk and low polarisation dependent loss has been constructed. Using this demux, vestigial sideband filtering at 10 Gbit/s has been studied. It is shown that this demux can achieve very high spectral efficiency without polarisation division multiplexing 相似文献
999.
Tsujimura T. Tokuhiro O. Morooka M. Miyamoto T. Miwa K. Yoshimura Y. Andry P. Libsch F. 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》2002,49(4):576-583
The leakage mechanism for a top-gate thin-film transistor (TFT) produced using the fewest process steps in the industry is analyzed in order to achieve a high-contrast liquid crystal display (LCD). Using a T-shaped TFT structure, the OFF and ON channel lengths are defined independently, so that the leakage can be reduced with no ON current decrease 相似文献
1000.
The interfacial reactions between liquid In and Cu substrates at temperatures ranging from 175°C to 400°C are investigated
for the applications in bonding recycled sputtering targets to their backing plates. Experimental results show that a scallop-shaped
Cu16In9 intermetallic compound is found at the Cu/In interface after solder reactions at temperatures above 300°C. A double-layer
structure of intermetallic compounds containing scallop-shaped Cu11In9 and continuous CuIn is observed after the Cu/In interfacial reaction at temperatures below 300°C. The growth of all these
intermetallic compounds follows the parabolic law, which implies that the growth is diffusion-controlled. The activation energies
for the growth of Cu16In9, Cu11In9, and CuIn intermetallic compounds calculated from the Arrhenius plot of growth reaction constants are 59.5, 16.9, and 23.5
kJ/mole, respectively. 相似文献