Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: XI, Li2O–B2O3–P2O5

The glassforming region in the system was roughly outlined and liquidus data were obtained for the three joins LiPO₃-BPO₄, Li₄P₂O₇-BPO₄, and Li₃PO₄-Li₂B₄O₇. Compatibility relations for the ternary subsystems Li₄P₂O₇-BPO₄-P₂O₅ and Li₂O-Li₃PO₄-Li₂B₈O₁₃ were established. Two ternary compounds with the probable compositions 22Li₂O - 11B₂O₃ - 13P₂O₅ and 2Li₂O 3B₂O₃ P₂O₅ were detected.     

Some electrical effects in an aluminum/propane/oxygen flame jet at atmospheric pressure

Three electrical effects in an approximately stoichiometric propane-oxygen flame seeded with aluminum powder were studied: a) increase in flame current caused by the addition of aluminum, b) effect of transverse electrical field on the rate of aluminum oxide deposition onto a solid surface, c) effect of the field on the rate of heat transfer to a flat plate immersed in the flame. The maximum field was limited by breakdown to about 450 v/cm. It appears that the oxide deposition rate and the heat transfer rate can be influenced by relatively small electric fields.     

Lipid products formed during desaturation of [1-14C] stearyl CoA by hen liver microsomes

A number of lipid products are formed during the desaturation of stearyl CoA by hen liver microsomes. This article presents an analysis of the products formed when [1-¹⁴C] stearyl CoA is incubated with hen liver microsomes for various time periods. [1-¹⁴C] Oleyl CoA was the first radioactive unsaturated product formed. Synthesis of phospholipids containing [1-¹⁴C] oleic acid occurs only after the desaturase activity has begun to decline. The specific radioactivity of [1-¹⁴C] oleyl CoA was similar to the specific radioactivity of [1-¹⁴C] stearyl CoA at all time periods tested. The specific radioactivities of [1-¹⁴C] oleic acid and phospholipids containing [1-¹⁴C] oleic acid were much lower than that of the [1-¹⁴C] stearyl CoA.     

Palmqvist Crack Extension and the Center-Loaded Penny Crack Analogy

Palmqvist crack extension in WC-Co can be described using the center-loaded penny crack analogy. When Palmqvist cracks are represented by semicircles of diameter l (l=crack length measured from an impression corner), the stress intensity factor which controls crack extension differs from that of a half-penny crack of radius l+a (2a = impression size) by only a slowly varying factor m=2^1/2 (l/a)^1/2; m≅1.0 to 2.4 for WC-Co and m≅0.8 to 1.4 for ceramics.     

Voidage characteristics and prediction of bed expansion in liquid-solid inverse fluidized bed

Studies on voidage fluctuations, axial voidage profile and bed expansion are carried out by measuring the local void fraction using particles of wide ranging characteristics in liquid-solid inverse fluidized bed. The quality of fluidization is elucidated by the local voidage fluctuations. The RMS voidage fluctuation depicts a maximum with respect to average bed void fraction and increases with increase in Archimedes number. The fluidization quality has been quantified using average normalized RMS voidage fluctuation in terms of Transition number. The axial void fraction is almost uniform throughout the bed except for particles with size distribution. All the literature and present experimental data on bed expansion are unified in terms of Richardson and Zaki equation using experimental terminal velocities. A new correlation is proposed for predicting the wall effect corrected experimental terminal velocities, as a substitute for standard drag equation. The bed expansion data are also predicted using the drift flux model.     

Fluor SOx净化工艺--为俄罗斯绿色环境开发的将SO2转化为元素硫的经济技术

Fluor公司开发的Fluor SO_2净化工艺具有广泛多样的工艺布局,可以通过经济的方式定制脱除烟气中的有害组成。该工艺几乎能去除全部SO_2并减少CO排放。Fluor SO_x净化工艺的主要步骤已在多套工业装置中得到成功的证实。除技术可行、经济合理之外,Fluor SO_x净化工艺不会产生任何有害副产物,也不会遇到与SO_3 有关的腐蚀问题。此外,该工艺生产高纯度可市售的元素硫。论述了Fluor SO_x净化工艺的特征、技术和成本优势、设计和操作的简易性以及实施的便利性。     

Composition of mixed octadecadienoates via ozonolysis,chromatography and computer solution of linear equations

An approach to the analysis of 55 possible nonconjugated positional isomers of octadecadienoic acid is described and tested with mixtures of individual synthetic methyl esters. In the first example, by ozonolysis a sevencomponent mixture consisting ofcis,cis 5,12-, 6,10-, 6,11-, 6,12-, 7,12-, 8,12-, and 9,12-octadecadienoates was converted to aldehydes, aldehyde-esters and dialdehydes. These fragments were separated on a 50 m×0.2 mm free fatty acid phase (FFAP) vitreous silica capillary column. Equations for an arbitrarily restricted 12×15 matrix of linear simultaneous equations and a computer solution of the matrix provided the composition of the initial methyl octadecadienoate mixture. The power and significance of this method became apparent with the observation that only two of the seven isomers in the known mixture were resolved as single peaks by state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography, but all seven were identified and estimated with acceptable error by the ozonolysis-capillary gas chromatography-computer procedure. In a generalized approach to the analysis of the 55 possible nonconjugated isomers, a computer program selects the appropriate matrix of linear simultaneous equations based on the aldehyde data supplied by the analyst. Twenty of 21 combinations of seven isomeric esters taken five at a time have been analyzed to assess the efficiency of the method. To illustrate applicability at this stage of development, the method has been used to analyze the diene products of the hydrazine reduction of γ-linolenic acid and the diene products from the biological desaturation of isomeric monoenes. The possibility of distinguishing geometric and positional isomers of 18∶2 has been opened by the observed separation ofcis-andtrans-unsaturated aldehydes and aldehyde-esters. Presented in part at the 16th World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, October 4–7, 1983, in Budapest, Hungary, and at the American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, May 15, 1986, in Honolulu, Hawaii.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a FCC regenerator

The hydrodynamic and gas mixing characteristics have been determined in a FCC regenerator (0.48 m I.D.x3.4 m high) with FCC particles. Solids holdup in the dense bed decreases with increasing gas velocity, but it increases in the freeboard region. The bubble/void fraction increases with an increase along the bed height at a given gas velocity and increases with increasing gas velocity at a constant bed height. Backmixed tracer gas at the wall region is higher than that at the center region of the bed. The gas backmixing coefficient decreases with increasing gas velocity.     

Cold water detergency studies using radiolabeled soils

The effects of single and multiple washing and of resoiling-rewashing of cotton and synthetic fabrics have been studied in Tergotometer tests at various levels of temperature, detergent concentration and water hardness. The soiling mixture consisted of a seven component sebum tagged with tritium and carbon-14; in some tests gammaray emitting Kaolinite clay was also used. Linear primary alcohol ethoxylate (LAEO) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were used for surfactant type comparisons. In single wash tests in both hot and cold water, LAEO was generally more effective than LAS in removing sebum. This was particularly noticeable at low product concentration where insufficient sodium tripolyphosphate was present to sequester the water hardness. A 1/1 blend of the two surfactants approached LAEO in performance. The nonpolar sebum fraction was more readily removed from Dacron or nylon in cold water; otherwise, detergency was generally better at high temperatures. In rewash tests, using labeled lube oil, cholesterol and clay, a progressive increase in soil removal was found during five wash cycles. The nonpolar lube oil component was the most difficult to remove from permanent press Dacron-cotton (PP), but was more readily removed from cotton. The more polar cholesterol and especially the clay were more easily removed from PP. LAEO gave better detergency both hot and cold than LAS, especially in hard water. On cotton swatches resoiled with sebum after each wash the residual sebum content was still increasing after five cycles. With PP in soft water, a steady state was reached after three to five cycles. Soil buildup was greater as hardness increased and as wash temperature and active matter concentration decreased, and was generally greater on cotton than on PP. LAEO allowed appreciably less soil buildup than did LAS especially at low concentration in hard water, indicating a reduced requirement for sodium tripolyphosphate. Presented before the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970.