Simple Method for Measuring the Peroxide Value in a Colored Lipid

We developed a simple method for quantification of the peroxide value (PV) in colored lipids on the basis of the reaction between triphenylphosphine (TPP) and oxidized oil to afford triphenylphosphineoxide (TPPO). Diphenylphosphineoxide (DPPO) was employed as internal standard. The formed TPPO was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography–UV spectroscopy with absorption at 260 nm. The conditions that gave the highest correlative calibration curve between the peak area on the chromatogram and peroxide value were identified: the optimum TPP–oxidized oil mix ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were found to be 2:1, 40 °C, and 30 min, respectively. Linear calibration curves, passing through the origin, were obtained for PV versus TPPO and TPPO versus DPPO. The quantification limit for this method was 2.01 pmol hydroperoxyl group, which corresponds to a PV value of 0.2 meq/kg in a 10-mg oil sample. This method was used to measure the PV in colored fats and oils or lipids extracted from dark meat and processed food containing a coloring agent. Though the official method could not measure the PVs in the colored lipids, the method proposed here, which uses an inexpensive chemical reagent and machine, could. The developed method could play an important role for food quality control.     

Textile‐surface interfacial asymmetric polymerization

This research demonstrated that polymerization of aniline on cellulose produces chiroptically active composites. Polymerization of aniline in the presence of cotton fibers consisting of chiral cellulose are performed to prepare a polyaniline (PANI)/cotton composite. The polymerization is conducted at the cotton interface. The resultant PANI/cotton composite shows chiroptical activity elucidated with diffuse reflectance circular dichroism. In this reaction, textile‐surface interfacial asymmetric polymerization is performed with imprinting of chiral structure from the cotton as a natural chiroptically active polymer to the PANI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41118.     

Profiling and Imaging of Phospholipids in Brains of Abcd1‐Deficient Mice

ABCD1 is a gene responsible for X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD), and is critical for the transport of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into peroxisomes and subsequent β‐oxidation. VLCFA‐containing lipids accumulate in X‐ALD patients, although the effect of ABCD1‐deficiency on each lipid species in the central nervous system has not been fully characterized. In this study, each phospholipid and lysophospholipid species in Abcd1‐deficient mice brains were profiled by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Among the phospholipid and lysophospholipid species that are significantly more enriched in Abcd1‐deficient mice brains, VLCFA were present in 75, 15, 5, 4, and 1 species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. Most VLCFA were incorporated at the sn‐1 position of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Among the phospholipid species that are significantly less enriched in Abcd1‐deficient mice brains, odd‐numbered saturated or mono‐unsaturated fatty acyl moieties are contained in all phosphatidylcholine species. In addition, a number of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine species contained highly unsaturated fatty acyl moieties. Intriguingly, 44:1 phosphatidylcholine with VLCFA was mainly distributed in the gray matter, such as the cortex, but not in the white matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum. These results show that ABCD1‐deficiency causes metabolic alternation of long‐chain fatty acids and VLCFA. Moreover, our results imply a molecular mechanism for the incorporation of saturated or monounsaturated VLCFA into the sn‐1 position of phospholipids, and also indicate that the distribution of phospholipids with VLCFA may correlate with the development of X‐ALD.     

Measurement of particle concentration in powder coating process using capacitance computed tomography and wavelet analysis

Capacitance computed tomography techniques were used to visualize particles movement in the draft tube of a spouted fluidized bed for the coating process of drug production. A total of 512 frames images of the particle concentration distribution were obtained at 10-millisecond intervals over a coating time of 5 min using a capacitance computed tomography system. The three-dimensional capacitance CT images (time and two-dimensional space images) were decomposed to wavelet time and space levels to extract the dominant particle distribution feature using three-dimensional discrete wavelet multiresolution at different coating times. As a result, the time and space dominant particle distribution with a specific frequency level can be visualized.     

Multifunctional Initiator with Platinum-Acetylide Dendritic Core for Living Polymerization of Isocyanides

A novel multifunctional initiator has been developed by peripheral modification of a Pt-acetylide dendrimer. Pd–Pt μ-ethynediyl units were introduced to the first-generation dendrimer by a divergent method. The dendritic initiator was applicable to the living polymerization of aryl isocyanides, producing high molecular weight polymers with a narrow polydispersity index in quantitative yields. The ³¹P NMR spectrum of the resulting polymer suggested that all Pd–Pt μ-ethynediyl units in the dendritic molecule actually functioned as an initiator.     

Template-free hydrothermal synthesis of hollow hematite microspheres

Hollow hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) microspheres with an average diameter of 3-4 μm and a shell thickness of approximate 150 nm was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route using FeCl₃·6H₂O solution and acetic acid without using any templates. The hollow microspheres were composed of α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with the diameter range from 20 to 40 nm. The effects of reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, concentration of FeCl₃·6H₂O solution, and initial pH on the morphology of the final products were investigated. A possible formation mechanism of hollow α-Fe₂O₃ microspheres was also proposed, where the acetic acid played a role of etching in the formation of hollow structure.     

High temperature creep in a 2-3-4 garnet: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12

High temperature plastic deformation in a single crystal of a 2-3-4 garnet, Ca₃Ga₂Ge₃O₁₂, was investigated. A Czochralski-grown single crystal of Ca₃Ga₂Ge₃O₁₂ was deformed in compression in air along 100 or 110 at temperatures of 1472 to 1573 K (T/T_m = 0.90–0.96). The samples show higher resistance to creep than other 3-3 garnets, namely the flow stress at the strain-rate of 4 × 10^{– 6} s^{– 1} is 200–400 MPa in this temperature range. The TEM observations of dislocation microstructures show little evidence of climb and plastic deformation in this garnet appears to occur exclusively by dislocation glide, using mostly the 1/2111{110} slip systems. Dislocations with b = 100 are frequently observed but they are interpreted as products of dislocation reactions among 1/2111. The single crystal used contained a number of precipitates that grew during annealing and also during deformation. These precipitates act as sources for dislocations but no evidence for their significant effects on creep strength is observed. The normalized flow law of Ca₃Ga₂Ge₃O₁₂ is similar to other 3-3 oxide garnets (e.g., YAG, GGG), but in contrast to 3-3 garnets, the more stable and hence less mobile dislocations have a large edge component.     

Effect of stress wave shape on the crack propagation velocity in cyclic delayed failure

Crack propagation velocity in delayed failure under superposed repeating load, ($\text{d}\text{a/}\text{d}\text{t)}{}_{\mathrm{R}}$, was compared with that under static load, ($\text{d}\text{a/}\text{d}\text{t)}{}_{\mathrm{S}}$Two peaks appear on the relation between decreasing rate of crack propagation velocity, $\text{1-β = 1 ? (}\text{d}\text{a/}\text{d}\text{t))}{}_{\mathrm{R}}\text{/(}\text{d}\text{a/}\text{d}\text{t)}{}_{\mathrm{S}}$ and frequency, ?, both under sinusoidal and square load. By changing the ratio of holding time at maximum stress intensity factor to that at minimum stress intensity factor in square load, it was deduced that the existence of two peaks on the 1 ? β vs $\text{f}$ curve was caused by an asymmetric interaction between hydrogen atoms and cyclic moving of the position with triaxial tensile stress at crack tip. Moreover, the relation between 1 ? β and $\text{f}$ under the positive or negative saw tooth load could be well explained by the interaction model.