Various Types of Shadowing and Specification on Uniform Spaces

We define topological pseudo orbital specification, topological weak specification, topological ergodic shadowing, topological \(\underline {d}\)-shadowing for a continuous map on a uniform space and show that they are equivalent for a uniformly continuous map with topological shadowing on a totally bounded uniform space.     

Specification Property for Topological Spaces

We introduce and study here the notion of specification property termed as topological specification property for homeomorphisms on non-compact non-metrizable spaces. We prove that if a self homeomorphism on a totally bounded uniform space is mixing, topologically expansive and topologically shadowing then the map has topological specification property.     

Genipin crosslinked microcapsules of gelatin A and κ-carrageenan polyelectrolyte complex for encapsulation of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss.) seed oil

Microcapsules containing neem seed oil (NSO) were prepared using complex coacervation technique and employing gelatin A and κ-carrageenan polyelectrolyte complex. The yield of the coacervate was dependent on the ratio of the two polymers and on the pH of the medium. Viscosity and turbidity measurements were carried out in order to support the ratio of the two polymers that produced the highest yield. The encapsulation efficiency and the release rates of NSO were dependent on the amount of crosslinker, oil loading and polymer concentration. Scanning electron micrographs showed the formation of free flowing spherical microcapsules. The size of microcapsules increased with the increase of the concentration of the polymer. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry study showed that there was no significant interaction between NSO and carrageenan–gelatin complex.     

Some observations in the aqueous and emulsion polymerizations of common vinyl monomers initiated by sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) at 50°C

Analytical grade sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅) has been found to initiate the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) in the aqueous media in the presence and absence of detergents, and of styrene in the presence of detergents only, but it fails to initiate the polymerization of methylacrylate (MA) at low concentrations of the initiator and of acrylonitrile (AN) in the absence of cationic detergent micelles. If a mixture of AN (2.0%, v/v) and metabisulfite (1.60%, w/v) is kept for 16 h at 50°C in the presence of nitrogen, no polymerization occurs, but if a little ferric chloride (0.001%, w/v) is added to this mixture in nitrogen atmosphere, the initiation of AN polymerization is found to occur. MA can be polymerized partly by adding metabisulfite to an aqueous solution of MA and a cationic detergent (above CMC) in the presence and absence of air. Very little polymer is found under similar conditions with AN. No polymerizations were found to occur with any of the above-mentioned monomers if hydroquinone was present in the system. In the Na₂S₂O₅—MMA and Na₂S₂O₅—EMA systems, the average rates of the aqueous polymerizations were found to decrease with the increase of the initiator concentrations (from 1.316 × 10^?3 to 2.63 × 10^?1 m/L) at 50°C in the presence of nitrogen, and to be approximately inversely proportional to the sqare root of the initiator concentrations. It is suggested that the bisulfite (produced by the reaction of S₂O^2?₅ ions with water) adds to vinyl monomers as well as initiaing polymerization reactions by the reduction activation of the monomers in the presence of nitrogen. The presence of bulky groups such as methyl, phenyl, etc., at the β-position of the ethylenic double bond of the monomer, probably prevents or slows down the bisulfite addition reactions due to the steric hindrance, and so the polymerization reactions will predominate in the system of MMA, EMA, and styrene-like monomers. The complex species formed due to the interactions of the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles and free CTAB cations with HSO and S₂O ions initiate the polymerizations of MA and of AN in the presence of nitrogen or air. Cationic detergent micelles protect the monomers from the direct attack of the HSO/S₂O ions.