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31.
Falling films exhibit very complex wavy patterns, which depend on the properties of the liquid, the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle, and the distance from the film inlet. The film hydrodynamics governs the heat and mass transfer in the liquid films. Our vision is to control and enhance heat and mass transport by using walls with specific microscale topographies that influence the falling film flow, stability, and wavy pattern. In this work, long-wave theory and integral boundary layer approximation are used for modeling the falling film flow on walls with three-dimensional periodic microstructures. The wall topography is periodic both in the main flow direction and in the transverse direction. Examples of such microstructures are longitudinal grooves with sinusoidal path (or meandering grooves) and herringbone structures. The effects of the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle, and the longitudinal and transverse periods of the structure on the shape of liquid–gas interface are investigated. It is shown that, as opposed to straight grooves in longitudinal direction, grooves with meandering paths may lead to significant interface deformations. 相似文献
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33.
Benenson ZM Elizarov AB Yakovleva TV O'Brien WD 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2002,49(12):1665-1685
A new three-dimensional (3-D) acoustic image formation technique is proposed that is based on the transmission of wide bandwidth pulse signals and the application of the 3-D fast Fourier transform. A solution to the Helmholtz wave equation has been obtained using the Born approximation. The solution contains analytical expressions for the spatial spectra of the transmit and receive radiation patterns for transducers of various geometries with lenses of fixed focal distances. It has been shown that the proposed algorithms allow for radiation patterns with constant widths at depths both behind and in front of the focal point, starting practically from the plane of the transducer. The theoretical and experimental investigations and computer simulation for both spherical and rectangular transducer shapes have been performed. The results were used to estimate the beamwidths and the side lobe levels. A variant of the linear array has been studied for a cylindrical lens of a fixed focal distance moving in a lateral direction. It has been shown that, in this case, a high resolution (of the order of a few wavelengths) can be achieved along all three Cartesian coordinates at a very high scanning velocity. The influence of the moving scatterers' velocity in inhomogeneous medium on the spatial radiation pattern characteristics has been estimated. 相似文献
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35.
Tatiana Miazhynskaia Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter 《Computational statistics & data analysis》2006,51(3):2029-2042
Neural networks provide a tool for describing non-linearity in volatility processes of financial data and help to answer the question “how much” non-linearity is present in the data. Non-linearity is studied under three different specifications of the conditional distribution: Gaussian, Student-t and mixture of Gaussians. To rank the volatility models, a Bayesian framework is adopted to perform a Bayesian model selection within the different classes of models. In the empirical analysis, the return series of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, FTSE 100 and NIKKEI 225 indices over a period of 16 years are studied. The results show different behavior across the three markets. In general, if a statistical model accounts for non-normality and explains most of the fat tails in the conditional distribution, then there is less need for complex non-linear specifications. 相似文献
36.
Rodrigo Scherer Paula Rossini Augusti Vivian Caetano Bochi Camila Steffens Leadir Lucy Martins Fries Ana Paula Daniel Ernesto Hashime Kubota João Radünz Neto Tatiana Emanuelli 《Food chemistry》2006,99(1):136-142
The effect of two slaughter methods (immersion in ice-water slurry and electrical stunning followed by ice slurry asphyxiation) on chemical and microbiological parameters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) stored in ice for 20 days was evaluated. No differences in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, carbohydrate or protein content of mucus were observed between the slaughter methods. Ice-slaughtered fish had lower bacteria counts at the beginning of storage, but higher counts than fish slaughtered by electricity at the end of storage (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the shelf life were observed between the slaughter methods evaluated (limit of acceptability – counts > 3 × 106 CFU g−1 – attained after 13–16 days). Results indicated that the chemical parameters evaluated have a limited applicability to assess the shelf life of grass carp stored in ice, since pH limit (6.8) was exceeded after 4 days, while TVB-N limit (30 mg%) was not attained after 20 days of storage. 相似文献
37.
Kudryashova Elena V.; Artemova Tatiana M.; Vinogradov Alexei A.; Gladilin Alexander K.; Mozhaev Vadim V.; Levashov Andrey V. 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》2003,16(4):303-309
Formation of enzymeoligoamine complexes was suggestedas an approach to obtain biocatalysts with enhanced resistancetowards inactivation in waterorganic media. Complex formationresults in broadening (by 2040% v/v ethanol) of the rangeof cosolvent concentrations where the enzyme retains its catalyticactivity (stabilization effect). At moderate cosolvent concentrations(2040% v/v) complex formation activates the enzyme (by36 times). The magnitude of activation and stabilizationeffects increases with the number of possible electrostaticcontacts between the protein surface and the molecules of oligoamines(OA). Circular dichroism spectra in the far-UV region show thatcomplex formation stabilizes protein conformation and preventsaggregation in waterorganic solvent mixtures. Two populationsof the complexes with different thermodynamic stabilities werefound in -chymotrypsin (CT)OA systems depending on theCT/OA ratio. The average dissociation constants and stoichiometriesof both low- and high-affinity populations of the complexeswere estimated. It appears that it is the low-affinity siteson the CT surface that are responsible for the activation effect. 相似文献
38.
Photonic bandgap (PBG) regions have been calculated for periodically grooved Si structures, acting as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The wavelength range of the PBG as a function of the ratio (DSi/A) is presented, where DSi is the width of the Si walls and A is the grooved silicon lattice constant. The influence of the parameter DSi, the refractive index of the space between the Si walls and the number of structure periods, m, on the forming of PBG regions is discussed. A good correlation between the calculated and the experimentally observed PBG regions is obtained. 相似文献
39.
The nature of the weak lipophilic acid used in synergistic combination with a model crown ether cation host was shown to have a strong effect on the strength and selectivity of sodium hydroxide separation from alkaline aqueous salt solutions. Sodium ion-pair extraction employing only cis-syn-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (1) in nitrobenzene (NB) was correlated with the standard Gibbs energy (deltaG(p)o) of anion partitioning into NB and was notably weak and nonselective for the hydroxide ion, in accord with Hofmeister bias. The Hofmeister order can be selectively overcome for NaOH by utilization of acid-base chemistry coupled with complexation of sodium ion in the NB phase. Upon addition of a lipophilic organic acid into the solution of 1 in NB, sodium extraction was selectively enhanced due to the initiation of an exchange reaction between the aqueous sodium ion and the ionizable proton of the organic acid. A series of weak lipophilic hydroxy acids (HA) including fluorinated alcohols and phenols was tested. The resulting synergistic pseudo-hydroxide extraction correlates with the pKa of the employed HA; the most acidic cation exchangers provide the greatest synergism. The synergistic factor obtained using a fluorinated benzyl alcohol 7 was as high as 256. Ion-pair extraction of neutral sodium salts was not changed or only mildly enhanced by addition of HA into the NB solution of 1. This enhancement was explained by hydrogen bonding of HA with the anion as related to the hardness of the anion and the acidity of HA. In comparison with the synergism observed for NaOH, this enhancement was weak and unable to overcome the Hofmeister effect. Examination of extraction selectivity revealed that the combination of 1 and 7 preferentially extracted NaOH over all other sodium salts, including the normally preferred nitrate and perchlorate salts. Quantitative recovery of NaOH from the NB phase was demonstrated via hydrolysis of the organic acid upon a single contact of the loaded solvent with water. 相似文献
40.
Tatiana S. de Araujo Zélia S. Macedo Petrus A. S. C. de Oliveira Mário E. G. Valerio 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(7):2236-2243
Pure and Cr3+-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) were prepared via chemical precipitation route. The XRD measurements revealed that the typical
HAP powder pattern was obtained. SEM analysis indicated that aggregates of nanoparticles were formed. EDX analysis indicates
that the [Ca]/[P] concentration ratio was higher than the expected values but can be explained by the presence of carbonate
groups as dopants. The optical absorption spectra of the doped samples presented absorption bands typical of Cr3+ occupying to different crystalline sites. From the position of the bands, it was possible to estimate the crystal field parameters
for both sites of Cr3+ in the HAP matrix. The emission spectra of the Cr-doped samples were also investigated and typical transitions of the dopant
ion, in trivalent state, were identified. The potential use of the Cr3+-HAP as fluorescent probes for medical applications was discussed. 相似文献