Corrosion protection of iron by polypyrrole coatings electrosynthesised from a surfactant solution

This work is a study of the electropolymerisation of pyrrole onto iron electrodes in the presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate in a wide pH interval. The characterisation of the films was done using electrochemical techniques, SEM/EDX and IR spectroscopy. We show that it is possible to synthesise homogeneous, adherent and very compact films in the pH range between 7 and 12 under potentiodynamic, galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions without substrate dissolution. The effects of various parameters on electrodeposition were investigated. The new procedure for the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole results in improved anticorrosion properties. The inhibition is proposed to be due to the sum of a repulsion of chloride ions because AOT remains entrapped in the polymer matrix and the presence of the iron oxide. Advantages of the use of surfactants in the electropolymerisation solution are discussed.     

Nitrification parameter measurement for plant design: experience and experimental issues with new methods.

Nitrification kinetics are important for process design, optimization, and capacity rating of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. A Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) project on Methods for Wastewater Characterization in Activated Sludge Modeling (WERF, 2003) focused significantly on the development of procedures for measuring the nitrifier maximum specific growth rate, micro(AUT). In addition, the importance of (and lack of data for) the nitrifier decay rate, b(AUT), was identified. This paper describes three bench-scale methods for measuring micro(AUT): the Low F/M SBR, Washout and High F/M methods. During the WERF project, the importance of pH and temperature control was investigated briefly; this paper summarizes further experimental work performed to address these issues. A summary of micro(AUT) measurements in a number of locations and using the different measurement techniques is provided.     

Degradation of wine industry wastewaters by photocatalytic advanced oxidation.

Wine industry wastewaters contain a high concentration of organic biodegradable compounds as well as a great amount of suspended solids. These waters are difficult to treat by conventional biological processes because they are seasonal and a great flow variation exists. Photocatalytic advanced oxidation is a promising technology for waters containing high amounts of organic matter. In this study we firstly investigated the application of H2O2 as oxidant combined with light (artificial or natural) in order to reduce the organic matter in samples from wine industry effluents. Secondly, we studied its combination with heterogeneous catalysts: titanium dioxide and clays containing iron minerals. The addition of photocatalysts to the system reduces the required H2O2 concentration. Although the H2O2/TiO2 system produces higher efficiencies, the H2O2/clays system requires a H2O2 dosage between three and six times lower.     

Final Drying of Whole Milk Powder in Vibrated-Fluidized Beds

Vibro-fluidized beds are widely used in drying sticky powders and agglomerated materials as milk powder. Using a vibro-fluidized laboratory scale dryer, this work is aiming at analyzing preliminarily the effect of its operational variables on the drying kinetics and characteristics of whole milk powder. The full-factorial design technique with three replications at the central point has been employed to generate data and correlations to quantify the effect of inlet air temperature, air flow rate, and vibration bed amplitude on the drying curves and the milk powder properties related to its faster reconstitution in water (as tapped density, Hausner cohesion ratio, agglomerate size distribution, and internal pore concentration). Results obtained are analyzed and discussed to identify the adequate operation condition for final drying whole milk powder in vibro-fluidized beds, assuring a high product quality.     

The first experiments on electrical safety.

This paper discusses the experiments conducted by physicist and physician Arsenne d'Arsonval on the effect of sinusoidal ac on the body, well before the era of electronics. d'Arsonval's first experiments were on the effect of ac on muscle contraction using frog muscle. He contrived a most ingenious device, which displayed the voltage curve and the force of muscle contraction on a smoked-drum kymograph. By using this instrument, along with various alternators such as the Gramme machine, d'Arsonval was able to show that the muscular contraction force decreased with increasing frequency of the electric current. d'Arsonval then turned his attention to the effect of high-frequency ac on the human body. To this end, he created a spark-gap generator of the type described by Hertz in 1888. d'Arsonval demonstrated two important facts: 1) muscle contraction force decreased with increasing frequency of the current and 2) substantial current could be passed through the body and it produced a sensation of warmth. This he proved with conductive and capacitive coupling. By his experiments, d'Arsonval laid the foundation for two new medical techniques: 1) electrosurgery and 2) diathermy. Today both fields are well established in medicine     

Effects of solid retention time on the performance of submerged anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor.

In this study, four similar bench-scale submerged Anoxic/Oxic Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) were used simultaneously to investigate the effects of solids retention time (SRT) on organic and nitrogen removal in MBR for treating domestic wastewater. COD removal efficiencies in all reactors were consistently above 94% under steady state conditions. Complete conversion of NH(4+)-N to NO(3-)-N was readily achieved over a feed NH(4+)-N concentration range of 30 to 50 mg/L. It was also observed that SRT did not significantly affect the nitrification in the MBR systems investigated. The average denitrification efficiencies for the 3, 5, 10 and 20 days SRT operations were 43.9, 32.6, 47.5 and 66.5%, respectively. In general, the average effluent nitrogen concentrations, which were mainly nitrate, were about 22.2, 27.6, 21.7 and 13.9 mg/L for the 3, 5, 10 and 20 days SRT systems, respectively. The rate of membrane fouling at 3 days SRT operation was more rapid than that observed at 5 days SRT. No fouling was noted in the 10 days and 20 days SRT systems during the entire period of study.     

The Grey-Rankin bound for nonbinary codes

The Grey-Rankin bound for nonbinary codes is obtained. Examples of codes meeting this bound are given. Original Russian Text Ş L.A. Bassalygo, S.M. Dodunekov, V.A. Zinoviev, T. Helleseth, 2006, published in Problemy Peredachi Informatsii, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 37–44. Supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 06-01-00226.     

Metabolic-heat relation for aerobic yeast respiration and fermentation

A specially developed temperature control system on a laboratory scale fermenter enabled continuous measurement of the rate of heat production during undisturbed growth of microbial cultures. Apart from being correlated with oxygen uptake rate, the heat of fermentation was established as an additional indicator of metabolic activity. The ‘aerobic respiration’ energetic activity of Candida utilis, Candida lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on different carbon substrates was investigated with cultures of the latter species being also studied under the ‘aerobic fermentation’ conditions induced by glucose catabolite repression.     

Optimal size,hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate of biogas unit using water hyacinth

With a view to evaluate the effects of hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate on methane production using water hyacinth, experiments were conducted in a 160 dm³ capacity, well-mixed continuous digestion unit at ambient temperature. The optimal design of biogas plant using water hyacinth was elucidated, to provide a unit giving a maximum methane yield of 0.16 nm³ kg^?1 volatile solids added, which was 60% greater than the conventional plant using cowdung. The calculations of optimal design factors were based on reactor size, hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate; considerations were made of capital cost, running costs and operational revenue.     

Method of determining the parameters of a photoelectric pulse transmitter with several optron pairs

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 16–17, October, 1989.