Probiotic effects of feeding heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei to Candida albicans-colonized immunodeficient mice

Probiotic bacteria can protect immunodeficient mice from orogastric candidiasis but cause some pathology of their own. Severely immunodeficient patients may be at risk if fed viable probiotics, so this study evaluated the probiotic potential of nonviable probiotic bacteria to protect immunodeficient mice from Candida albicans infections. Heat-killed probiotic bacteria were fed to gnotobiotic bg/bg-nu/nu and bg/bg-nu/+ mice to ascertain if they could protect the mice from mucosal and systemic candidiasis. Both heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus (HKLA) and heat-killed Lactobacillus casei (HKLC), in comparison to control mice not fed the probiotic bacteria but challenged (oral) with C. albicans, suppressed the severity of orogastric candidiasis in bg/bg-nu/nu mice at 2 weeks after colonization with C. albicans, inhibited disseminated candidiasis in C. albicans-colonized bg/bg-nu/+ mice at 4 weeks after colonization, and suppressed the number of viable C. albicans in the alimentary tract. HKLA, but not HKLC, treatment inhibited disseminated candidiasis in bg/bg-nu/nu mice at 2 weeks after oral challenge and enhanced the proliferative responses of splenocytes from C. albicans-colonized bg/bg-nu/+ mice to C. albicans antigens. Neither HKLA nor HKLC were able to prolong the survival of gnotobiotic bg/bg-nu/nu mice after oral challenge with C. albicans. These results demonstrate that heat-killed lactobacilli can induce some (limited) protection (probiotic effect) against candidiasis in mice.     

Probiotic bacteria are antagonistic to Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni and influence host lymphocyte responses in human microbiota‐associated immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice

A defined human microbiota‐associated (HMA) mouse model in BALB/c and immunodeficient Tgε26 mice was used to assess the ability of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to enhance colonization resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathogens. Probiotic bacteria (1×10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU)/mL) successfully excluded Campylobacter jejuni from both strains of mice 7 days after challenge. The probiotic bacteria also reduced the number of Salmonella in the large intestines of both mouse strains. The nylon wool fractionated spleen lymphocyte populations were incubated with Salmonella or C. jejuni antigens. The probiotic treatments did not affect lymphocyte proliferation to C. jejuni antigens, but significantly increased proliferation of lymphocytes to Salmonella antigens by 68 and 55%, respectively, over untreated mice. Caspase 3/7 activation was significantly reduced 33 and 38% in the T and B lymphocyte fractions, respectively, of probiotic‐treated, Salmonella‐challenged HMA BALB/c mice, suggesting that lymphocyte rescue from apoptosis was occurring as a result of probiotic bacteria activity. These results revealed an immunosuppressive activity by Salmonella that was inhibited by the presence of probiotic bacteria. In summary, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria competitively excluded C. jejuni from immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice and antagonized an observable Salmonella‐induced immunosuppression in immunocompetent mice.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Freilufttrocknung und Solartrocknung von Schnittholz unter mitteleuropäischen Wetterverhältnissen

To investigate the effectiveness of solar drying of lumber under Central European weather conditions in direct comparison with air drying, a combined experimental station for both drying methods was installed in Upper Bavaria, which is described in detail. In the three first comparative tests, carried out between May and October 1978, the lumber could only be dried to a moisture content of 15,9, 16,7, and 19,5% with air drying, whereas 8,3, 8,2, and 9,5% could be reached with solar drying. The mean during mean drying temperature for solar drying was by 7,1, 9,4, and 7,7 °C higher, the mean relative humidity by, 25, 32, and 32% lower than with air drying. The daily power consumption for the operation of the two fans in the solar dryer was 4,7 to 5,7 kWh.     

Buchbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A risk-based sampling plan for monitoring of histamine in fish products

In 2008, the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance reported an increase in the number of histamine food poisoning outbreaks and cases in France. The aim of this study was to propose a new monitoring plan for characterizing consumers' exposure to histamine through fishery products. As fish products of concern are numerous, we proposed that the number of samples allocated for a fish category be chosen based on the risk associated with the category. Point risk estimates of histamine poisoning were assessed with the Risk Ranger tool. Fresh fish with high histidine content was found to contribute most to the number of cases. The (estimated) risks associated with the consumption of canned and deep-frozen fish appear marginal as compared with the risk associated with fresh fish with high histidine concentrations. Accordingly, we recommend excluding canned and deep-frozen fish from the monitoring plan, although these risk estimates can be biased. Within a category, samples were proportional to the relative food consumption of the different fishes. The spatial and seasonal consumption patterns were also taken into account for the design of the new monitoring plan. By testing appropriate numbers of samples from categories of fish products of concern, this plan will permit investigation of trends or comparison of product categories presenting risks of histamine poisoning.     

Prediction of lean and fat composition in swine carcasses from ham area measurements with image analysis

Video images of ham cross-sections were recorded from 71 pork carcasses (ranging in weight from 72 to 119 kg). Three sets of prediction equations were developed to estimate pork carcass lean and fat composition from video image analysis (VIA) of ham cross-sectional area measurements, 10th rib back fat depth (TENFAT) and hot carcass weight (HCKg). Carcass data of dissected lean and fat in the four primal cuts (ham, loin, Boston button and picnic shoulder) were used as dependent variables in establishing regression equations. The first set of equations combined VIA ham measurements and total ham weight (HTKg). Regression models containing the single variable HTKg times ham percentage lean area (Vol. 1) or HTKg times ham percentage fat area (Vol. 2) accounted for 88% and 68% of the variation in total carcass lean weight (CLKg) and total carcass fat weight (CFKg) from the right side of each carcass, respectively. The second set of equations combined VIA ham measurements and TENFAT (cm). Multiple regression models involving TENFAT, Vol. 1, and Vol. 2 accounted for 91% and 90% of the variation in CLKg and CFKg. The third set of equations used VIA ham measurements, TENFAT and HCKg. Carcass lean weight was best predicted by HCKg, TENFAT, and ham lean area (HLA) (R² = .92). Carcass fat weight was best predicted by HCKg, TENFAT, and Vol. 2 (R² = .91). Overall correlations showed a high association between Vol. 1 and CLKg (r = .94, P < .0001) and Vol. 2 and CFKg (r = .83, P < .0001). Ham lean area was related to CLKg (r = .74, P < .0001) and ham fat area to CFKg (r = .81, P < .0001). The results of this study indicated video image analysis of ham cross-section slices combined with backfat depth at the 10th rib can be used for accurate estimation of total carcass lean or fat composition.     

Genetische Differenzierung anhand biochemisch-genetischer Polymorphismen in der Familie derCervidae

Zusammenfassung Cerviden sind genetisch ?hnlich variabel wie auch andere Familien der Mammalier. Basierend auf Untersuchungen anderer Autoren wurde bei der FamilieCervidae eine mittlere Heterozygotie ( ) von ca. 4 % ermittelt. Die Genloci waren zu etwa 1/5 polymorph und wiesen im Mittel etwa 1,3 Allele auf. Für diese Sch?tzma?e genetischer Variabilit?t wurden Untersuchungen folgender Cervidenarten berücksichtigt:Alces alces, Cervus canadensis, C. elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama, Mazama americana, Odocoileus hemionus, O. virginianus undRangifer tarandus. Innerhalb der Cerviden bestehen beachtliche Unterschiede in der genetischen Variation. Die geringste genetische Variation wurde bisher beiDama dama festgestellt. Aber auchCervus canadensis undAlces alces sind mit Heterozygotiema?en unter 2 % genetisch wenig variabel. Bei diesen Arten waren etwa 10 % der untersuchten Genloci polymorph und im Mittel wurden nicht mehr als 1,14 Allele pro Genlocus festgestellt. Die genetische Variation vonCapreolus capreolus, Rangifer tarandus undCervus elaphus lag geringfügig über dem Gesamtmittel der Cerviden.Odocoileus virginianus war mit =0,097, etwa 40prozentigen Anteil polymorpher Genloci und im Mittel mehr als zwei Allelen pro Genlocus, die genetisch variabelste Hirschart. W?hrend über einzelne Arten, wie z. B. über den Wei?wedelhirsch oder das Ren bereits sehr ausführliche Arbeiten vorliegen, ist der Kenntnisstand genetischer Variation bei anderen Vertretern aus der FamilieCervidae z. T. noch sehr lückenhaft und mu? eher als tentativ angesehen werden. Dies betrifft auch weit verbreitete und jagdlich bedeutsame Arten, wie etwaOdocoileus hemionus oderCapreolus capreolus. Beziehungen zwischen genetischer Variation und quantitativen Merkmalen, wie z. B. Tierk?rpergewicht, Reproduktionsrate, aber auch Geweihentwicklung scheinen bei einigen Cervidenarten zu bestehen. Auch lassen die Befunde beiOdocoileus virginianus undRangifer tarandus auf Assoziationen zwischen Umweltfaktoren und genetischer Variation schlie?en.

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Investigations of genetic differentiation in the Cervidae as determined by protein polymorphisms

Summary On the average the Cervidae show a genetic variability similar to that found in other families within the Mammalia. A mean heterozygosity (II) of about 4% was calculated based on electrophoretic studies of other authors. About 1/5 of the gene loci were polymorphic and about 1.3 alleles per locus were found. The estimates of genetic variability were based on investigations which included the following species:Alces alces, Cervus canadensis, C. elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama, Mazama americana, Odocoileus hemionus, O. virginianus, andRangifer tarandus. Considerable differences in genetic variation within the Cervidae could be detected. Genetically least variable wasDama dama. But, low genetic variation was also found inCervus canadensis andAlces alces. Heterozygosities within these species were less than 2%, while not more than 1.14 alleles per locus could be observed; and on the average less than 10% of the investigated gene loci were polymorphic. The genetic variation ofCapreolus capreolus, Rangifer tarandus, andCervus elaphus was negligibly higher than the overall estimates for the Cervidae.Odocoileus virginianus was genetically the most variable deer species. Heterozygosity was 0.097, and the proportion of polymorphic loci was about 40% with an average of more than 2 alleles per locus. Whereas for certain species, like white-tailed deer or reindeer, very detailed electrophoretic studies are available, little is known about certain other deer species, and genetic data on these species should be seen as tentative. This also includes widely distributed and extensively hunted species likeOdocoileus hemionus andCapreolus capreolus. Associations between genetic variation and quantitative traits, like carcass weight, reproductive rate or antler development seem to exist in certain deer species. Results inOdocoileus virginianus andRangifer tarandus demonstrate certain relationships between environmental factors and genetic variation.

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Différenciation génétique basée sur des polymorphismes biochimiques-génétiques dans la famille des Cervidés

Résumé Les Cervidés sont génétiquement aussi variables que d'autres familles de mammifères. En se référant à des recherches d'autres auteurs, on a observé, au sein de la famille des Cervidés, un taux moyen d'hétérozygotie ( ) d'environ 4 %. Les loci étaient polymorphes à concurrence de quelque 1/5 et révéaient en moyenne 1,3 allèles. Pour ces estimations de la variabilité génétique, on s'est référé aux espèces de Cervidés suivantes:Alces alces, Cervus canadensis, C. elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama, Mazama americana, Odocoileus hemionus, O. virginianus et Rangifer tarandus. Parmi les Cervidés, il existe des différences appréciables au niveau de la variation génétique. Jusqu'à présent, la variation génétique la plus faible a été constatée chezDama dama. MaisCervus canadensis etAlces alces montrent aussi, avec des taux d'hetérozygotie inférieurs à 2 %, une variabilité génétique faible. Chez ces espèces, environ 10 % des loci étudiés étaient polymorphes et on ne peut constater en moyenne plus d' 1,14 allèles par locus. La variabilité génétique deCapreolus capreolus, Rangifer tarandus etCervus elaphus se situait légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne générale des Cervides.Odocoileus virginianus, avec un =0,007, un taux de gènes polymorphes de 40 % et avec, en moyenne, plus de deux allèles par locus, se révéla le cervidé génétiquement le plus variable. Tandis que pour certaines espèces, comme par exemple le Chevreuil à queue blanche ou le Renne, il existe déjà une très abondante littérature, l'état des connaissances sur la variation génétique chez d'autres représentants de la famille des Cervidés est encore partiellement très fragmentaire et doit plut?t être considéré comme revêtant un caractère expérimental. Ceci concerne aussi des espècesgibier très répandues commeOdocoileus hemionus etCapreolus capreolus. Des relations entre la variation génétique et des caractères quantitatifs comme, par exemple, le poids corporel, le taux de reproduction mais aussi le développement des bois, semblent exister chez quelques espèces de Cervidés. De même, des observations faites chezOdocoileus virginianus etRangifer tarandus permettent de conclure à des liens entre les facteurs de milieu et une variation génétique.

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Für das Erscheinen der Abhandlung in diesem Heft konnte ein Druckkostenzuschu? des Ministeriums für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und Forsten des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz eingesetzt werden, für dessen Gew?hrung verbindlich gedankt wird. — Die Schriftleitung.     

Tribromopyrrole,brominated acids,and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide

Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we investigated the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from high bromide waters (2 mg/L) treated with chlorine or chlorine dioxide used in combination with chlorine and chloramines. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of DBPs formed by chlorine dioxide under high bromide conditions. Drinking water from full-scale treatment plants in Israel was studied, along with source water (Sea of Galilee) treated under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Select DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, aldehydes, chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) were quantified. Many of the DBPs identified have not been previously reported, and several of the identifications were confirmed through the analysis of authentic standards. Elevated bromide levels in the source water caused a significant shift in speciation to bromine-containing DBPs; bromoform and dibromoacetic acid were the dominant DBPs observed, with very few chlorine-containing compounds found. Iodo-trihalomethanes were also identified, as well as a number of new brominated carboxylic acids and 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole, which represents the first time a halogenated pyrrole has been reported as a DBP. Most of the bromine-containing DBPs were formed during pre-chlorination at the initial reservoir, and were not formed by chlorine dioxide itself. An exception wasthe iodo-THMs, which appeared to be formed by a combination of chlorine dioxide with chloramines or chlorine (either added deliberately or as an impurity in the chlorine dioxide). A separate laboratory study was also conducted to quantitatively determine the contribution of fulvic acids and humic acids (from isolated natural organic matter in the Sea of Galilee) as precursor material to several of the DBPs identified. Results showed that fulvic acid plays a greater role in the formation of THMs, haloacetic acids, and aldehydes, but 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was produced primarily from humic acid. Because this was the first time a halopyrrole has been identified as a DBP, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was tested for mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. In comparison to other DBPs, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was 8x, 4.5x, and 16x more cytotoxic than dibromoacetic acid, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-[5H]-furanone [MX], and potassium bromate, respectively. 2,3,5-Tribromopyrrole also induced acute genomic damage, with a genotoxic potency (299 microM) similar to that of MX.     

用于细旦长丝变形的MPS CoolFlex

由于能耗可降低30%,MPS变形机可很容易地将速度提高30%,从而使MPS的构想成为一种用于细旦长丝变形加工的十分经济的方案.     

Occurrence, synthesis, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of haloacetamides: an emerging class of nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproducts

The haloacetamides, a class of emerging nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproduct (DBPs), were analyzed for their chronic cytotoxicity and for the induction of genomic DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The rank order for cytotoxicity of 13 haloacetamides was DIAcAm > IAcAm > BAcAm > TBAcAm > BIAcAm > DBCAcAm > CIAcAm > BDCAcAm > DBAcAm > BCAcAm > CAcAm > DCAcAm > TCAcAm. The rank order of their genotoxicity was TBAcAm > DIAcAm approximately equal to IAcAm > BAcAm > DBCAcAm > BIAcAm > BDCAcAm > CIAcAm > BCAcAm > DBAcAm > CAcAm > TCAcAm. DCAcAm was not genotoxic. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were primarily determined by the leaving tendency of the halogens and followed the order I > Br > > Cl. With the exception of brominated trihaloacetamides, most of the toxicity rank order was consistent with structure-activity relationship expectations. For di- and trihaloacetamides, the presence of at least one good leaving halogen group (I or Br but not Cl) appears to be critical for significant toxic activity. Log P was not a factor for monohaloacetamides but may play a role in the genotoxicity of trihaloacetamides and possible activation of dihaloacetamides by intracellular GSH and -SH compounds.