Synergy between tungsten and palladium supported on titania for the catalytic total oxidation of propane

Titania-supported palladium catalysts modified by tungsten have been tested for the total oxidation of propane. The addition of tungsten significantly enhanced the catalytic activity. Highly active catalysts were prepared containing a low loading of 0.5 wt.% palladium, and activity increased as the tungsten loading was increased up to 6 wt.%. Catalysts were characterised using a variety of techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles were present on the catalyst with and without the addition of WO_x. However, the addition of WO_x slightly increases the average palladium particle size, and there was some evidence for the Pd forming epitaxial islands on the support in the tungsten-doped samples. Surface analysis identified a combination of Pd⁰ and Pd²⁺ on a Pd/TiO₂ catalyst, whereas all of the Pd loading was found in the form of Pd²⁺ with the addition of tungsten into the catalysts. At low tungsten loadings, isolated monotungstate and some polytungstate species were highly dispersed over the titania support. The concentration of polytungstate species increased as the loading was increased, and it was also promoted by the presence of palladium. The coverage of the highly dispersed tungstate species over the titania also increased as the tungsten loading increased. Some tungstate species were also found to be associated with the palladium oxide particles, and there was an enrichment of oxidised tungsten species at the peripheral interface of the palladium oxide nanoparticles and the titania. Sub-ambient temperature–programmed reduction experiments identified an increased concentration of highly reactive species on catalysts with palladium and tungsten present together, and we propose that the new WO_x-decorated interface between PdO_x and TiO₂ particles may be responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity in the co-impregnated catalysts.     

Prediction of interstitial glucose level

Glucose is an important source of energy for cells. In clinical practice, we measure glucose level in blood and interstitial fluid. Each method has its pros and cons, and both levels correlate with each other. As the body tries to maintain the glucose level within a particular range to avoid adverse effects, it is desirable to predict future glucose levels in order to aid provided health care. We can see this desire in research, e.g., research on glucose transporters of cells. As yet another example, we can see it with diabetic patients, patients in a metabolic intensive care unit, particularly. In this paper, a glucose level prediction method is proposed.     

Transmission of light through magnetic nanocavities

The transmission of light through a metallic film stack on a transparent substrate, perforated with a periodic array of cylindrical holes/nanocavities, is studied. The structure is fabricated by using self-assembled nanosphere lithography. Since one layer in the film stack is made of a ferromagnetic metal (iron), exposure of the structure to a solution containing iron oxide nanoparticles causes nanoparticle accumulation inside the nanocavities. This changes the dielectric constant inside the nanocavities and thus affects the light transmission. Simulations are in good agreement with experiment, and show large sensitivity of the response to the amount of iron oxide nanoparticles deposited. This could be used in various sensor applications.     

Strength distribution of particles under compression

From time immemorial people dealt with size reduction processes (mill, mineral liberation, etc.). As time has passed industrial units for comminution processes have become larger and more sophisticated, but still they perform with low efficiencies [1], [2] and [3]. The strength of a particle is one of its most crucial characteristics due to the mechanical stresses experienced by each particle within an industrial unit. This is because the final size of particles is mostly dependant on the strength distribution of the raw material [4]. In this present study, the ability of a number of statistical formulations to accurately describe the strength distribution of particles was examined. Additionally, selected equations were analyzed and a general expression including the effect of the material and particle size was developed. A number of approaches to define particle strength were considered, and strength in terms of crushing force was chosen. Particle strength in terms of force and in terms of energy was also compared and found to be size independent. Finally, particle strength in terms of stress was examined and compared to the particle strength in terms of force.The ability to describe the compression strength distribution will significantly improve the accuracy of the comminution processes simulation, design and optimization.     

Preparation and characterization of acrylic acid/itaconic acid hydrogel coatings containing silver nanoparticles

Hydrogel silver nanocomposites have been used in applications with excellent antibacterial performance. Acrylic acid (AA)/itaconic acid (IA) hydrogels silver nanocomposites were prepared and applied as a coating on a textile substrate. Hydrogel matrices were synthesized first by the polymerization of an AA/IA aqueous (80/20 v/v) solution and mixed with 2‐2‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamide) diclorohydrate and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide until the hydrogel was formed. Silver nanoparticles were generated throughout the hydrogel networks with an in situ method via the incorporation of the silver ions and subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride. Cotton (C) and cotton/polyester (CP) textile fibers were then coated with these hydrogel silver nanocomposites. The influence of these nanocomposite hydrogels on the properties of the textile fiber were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance), scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and antibacterial tests against Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The better conditions, in which no serious aggregation of the silver nanoparticles occurred, were determined. It was proven that the textiles coated with hydrogels containing nanosilver had an excellent antibacterial abilities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2713–2721, 2013     

Lead Free Ammunition without Toxic Propellant Gases

Environmental and health considerations have encouraged the development of ammunition with substitutes for lead and other heavy metals. In general, the emission products from munitions containing nitro‐based propellants are highly complex mixtures of gases, vapors, and solid particles. The major combustion products are H₂O, CO, CO₂, H₂, and N₂. In addition, compounds including hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH₃), methane (CH₄), nitrogen oxides, benzene, acrylonitrile, toluene, furan, aromatic amines, benzopyrene, and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are detected in minor concentrations. Many of the identified chemical species have severe toxicological properties, and some of the compounds do even have mutagenic effects. Gun smoke emission is a concern because its exposure to humans may be substantial during military and civilian police training, as respiratory protection equipment is not routinely worn. In this work we study the compositions of some of the main decomposition products, experimentally as well as theoretically. The concept of frozen equilibrium at around 1500–2000 K appears to apply for CO, CO₂, and H₂. However, the trace species in the combustion mixtures appear theoretically to be present in negligible concentrations. Our measured results are many orders of magnitude higher than theoretical results in open space. We forecast that future development of gun powder will focus on reducing the amount of toxic trace species.     

Isocyanate‐Free and Dual Curing of Smokeless Composite Rocket Propellants

Traditional composite rocket propellants are cured by treatment of hydroxyl‐terminated prepolymers with polyfunctional aliphatic isocyanates. For development of smokeless composite propellants containing nitramines and/or ammonium dinitramide (ADN), energetic binder systems using glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) are of particular interest. Polyfunctional alkynes are potential isocyanate‐free curing agents for GAP through thermal azide‐alkyne cycloaddition and subsequent formation of triazole crosslinkages. Propargyl succinate or closely related aliphatic derivatives have previously been reported for such isocyanate‐free curing of GAP. Herein, we present the synthesis and use of a new aromatic alkyne curing agent, the crystalline solid bisphenol A bis(propargyl ether) (BABE), as isocyanate‐free curing agent in smokeless propellants based on GAP, using either octogen (HMX) and/or prilled ADN as energetic filler materials. Thermal and mechanical properties, impact and friction sensitivity and ballistic characteristics were evaluated for these alkyne cured propellants. Improved mechanical properties could be obtained by combining isocyanate and alkyne curing agents (dual curing), a combination that imparted better mechanical properties in the cured propellants than either curing system did individually. The addition of a neutral polymeric bonding agent (NPBA) for improvement of binder‐filler interactions was also investigated using tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was verified that the presence of isocyanates is essential for the NPBA to improve the mechanical properties of the propellants, further strengthening the attractiveness of dual cure systems.     

Comparison of holotomographic microscopy and coherence-controlled holographic microscopy

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is a powerful tool for label-free visualisation of living cells. Here, we compare two QPI microscopes – the Telight Q-Phase microscope and the Nanolive 3D Cell Explorer-fluo microscope. Both systems provide unbiased information about cell morphology, such as individual cell dry mass, perimeter and area. The Q-Phase microscope uses artefact-free, coherence-controlled holographic imaging technology to visualise cells in real time with minimal phototoxicity. The 3D Cell Explorer-fluo employs laser-based holotomography to reconstruct 3D images of living cells, visualising their internal structures and dynamics. Here, we analysed the strengths and limitations of both microscopes when examining two morphologically distinct cell lines – the cuboidal epithelial MDCK cells which form multicellular clusters and solitary growing Rat2 fibroblasts. We focus mainly on the ability of the devices to generate images suitable for single-cell segmentation by the built-in software, and we discuss the segmentation results and quantitative data generated from the segmented images. We show that both microscopes offer slightly different advantages, and the choice between them depends on the specific requirements and goals of the user.