Coupled-wave analysis of vector holograms. 2. Reflective gratings formed in photoanisotropic medium with uniaxial birefringence

The diffraction properties of reflective anisotropic gratings, which can be recorded in photoanisotropic media with uniaxial birefringence by three-dimensional vector holography, were characterized through the use of coupled-wave analysis (CWA). By investigating the perturbation of the dielectric tensor, we demonstrated that the gratings with sinusoidal distribution of the azimuthal angle of the optic axis diffract polarized light in which the ordinary and extraordinary components are converted for incident light. The polarization conversion was consistent with that calculated by a numerical method. In addition, it was shown that CWA enables highly accurate calculation of the diffraction efficiency with wavelength dispersion when the amplitude of the azimuthal angle is small.     

Study on analytical method for thiabendazole in toasted and seasoned laver by LC-MS/MS

Thiabendazole (TBZ), a pesticide with antifungal activity, was detected in toasted and seasoned laver which had been reported as tasting unpleasant by consumers in March 2008. From a survey of the manufacturing process, it was concluded that the TBZ contamination had originated from a sponge-roller which was used to paste seasoned liquid onto the toasted laver. At that time it was found that TBZ is widely used to prevent fungal contamination of sponge-rollers. For further survey of TBZ contamination in the laver, we developed a more sensitive detection method using LC-MS/MS. With our new method, six commercial products harvested in March 2008 and July 2009, respectively, were tested. Five out of six samples harvested in 2008 were positive for TBZ, with values in the range from 0.014 to 1.736 μg/g. Only one sample harvested in 2009 contained a detectable level of TBZ. The data obtained here contributed to the improvement of the manufacturing process.     

Preparation of polymeric nanoparticles by novel electrospray nanoprecipitation

Polymeric nanoparticles have important applications in drug delivery, biotechnology, diagnostics and energy harvesting. We report a new technique named electrospray nanoprecipitation, which combines electrospray with agitated solvent displacement. The process enables one‐step formation of polymeric nanoparticles <100 nm in size that are near‐monodisperse with a diameter range significantly lower than could be obtained using either electrospray or agitated solvent displacement technique alone. Both reduction of polymer solution concentration and the addition of poly(vinyl alcohol) emulsifier in the water–non‐solvent medium further reduce the average particle diameter. The technique provides an effective and straightforward method to further reduce the size range of near‐monodisperse nanoparticles achievable in a single step, which can be readily adapted for reducing the achievable size range of core–shell structures using popular one‐step encapsulation techniques such as coaxial electrospray. © 2014 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Structural Analysis of Crystalline R(+)-α-Lipoic Acid-α-cyclodextrin Complex Based on Microscopic and Spectroscopic Studies

R(+)-α-lipoic acid (RALA) is a naturally-occurring substance, and its protein-bound form plays significant role in the energy metabolism in the mitochondria. RALA is vulnerable to a variety of physical stimuli, including heat and UV light, which prompted us to study the stability of its complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs). In this study, we have prepared and purified a crystalline RALA-αCD complex and evaluated its properties in the solid state. The results of ¹H NMR and PXRD analyses indicated that the crystalline RALA-αCD complex is a channel type complex with a molar ratio of 2:3 (RALA:α-CD). Attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared analysis of the complex showed the shift of the C=O stretching vibration of RALA due to the formation of the RALA-αCD complex. Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed the significant weakness of the S–S and C–S stretching vibrations of RALA in the RALA-αCD complex implying that the dithiolane ring of RALA is almost enclosed in glucose ring of α-CD. Extent of this effect was dependent on the direction of the excitation laser to the hexagonal morphology of the crystal. Solid-state NMR analysis allowed for the chemical shift of the C=O peak to be precisely determined. These results suggested that RALA was positioned in the α-CD cavity with its 1,2-dithiolane ring orientated perpendicular to the plane of the α-CD ring.     

High-pressure inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores in the presence of argon

We investigated the high-pressure inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores in water containing argon. At the pressure of 600 MPa, addition of argon accelerated the inactivation of spores at 20 degrees C, but had no effect on the inactivation at 40 degrees C. The influence of added argon on inactivation of the spores was marked under conditions with a strong 'water ordering' effect. The pressure resistance of B. cereus spores was thus shown to be affected by 'water ordering'.     

Kinetic analysis of E. coli inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure with salts

Inactivation of E. coli by high hydrostatic pressure (250 to 400 MPa) with salts was investigated based on kinetic analysis. At concentrations from 0.074 to 0.145 M and from 0.240 to 0.290 M, both the absolute activation volumes and the preexponential factors were similar in KCl, NaCl, and LiCl solutions, suggesting that pressure inactivation is not salt-specific. On the other hand, in the intermediate salt-concentration range of 0.145 to 0.240 M, inactivation kinetics in the presence of the Na(+) and K(+) differed significantly from those in the presence of Li(+) (P < 0.05). In this concentration range, effect of salt stress and osmotic stress differed significantly from those in concentrations below 0.145 M or above 0.240 M. The cellular response to pressure varies with salt type and salt concentration. These novel findings provide important clues to distinguish between salt stress and osmotic stress in the inactivation of E. coli.     

Evaluation of conventional and alternative monitoring methods for a recreational marine beach with nonpoint source of fecal contamination

The objectives of this work were to compare enterococci (ENT) measurements based on the membrane filter, ENT(MF) with alternatives that can provide faster results including alternative enterococci methods (e.g., chromogenic substrate (CS), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)), and results from regression models based upon environmental parameters that can be measured in real-time. ENT(MF) were also compared to source tracking markers (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroidales human and dog markers, and Catellicoccus gull marker) in an effort to interpret the variability of the signal. Results showed that concentrations of enterococci based upon MF (<2 to 3320 CFU/100 mL) were significantly different from the CS and qPCR methods (p < 0.01). The correlations between MF and CS (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) were stronger than between MF and qPCR (r ≤ 0.36, p < 0.01). Enterococci levels by MF, CS, and qPCR methods were positively correlated with turbidity and tidal height. Enterococci by MF and CS were also inversely correlated with solar radiation but enterococci by qPCR was not. The regression model based on environmental variables provided fair qualitative predictions of enterococci by MF in real-time, for daily geometric mean levels, but not for individual samples. Overall, ENT(MF) was not significantly correlated with source tracking markers with the exception of samples collected during one storm event. The inability of the regression model to predict ENT(MF) levels for individual samples is likely due to the different sources of ENT impacting the beach at any given time, making it particularly difficult to to predict short-term variability of ENT(MF) for environmental parameters.     

An interactive rendering system using hierarchical data structure for earth-scale clouds

This paper presents an interactive system for realistic visualization of earth-scale clouds. Realistic images can be generated at interactive frame rates while the viewpoint and the sunlight directions can be changed interactively. The realistic display of earth-scale clouds requires us to render large volume data representing the density distribution of the clouds. However, this is generally time-consuming and it is difficult to achieve the interactive performance, especially when the sunlight direction ca...