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61.
Recent observations at operating plants and subsequent US NRC requirements have identified flow stratification in surge lines as a phenomenon that must be considered in the design basis of surge lines. To address these concerns, the stratified loading conditions were included in the design of YGN 3 and 4 surge line as a design basis transient and pipe temperature and displacement measurement were taken during YGN 3 pre-core hot functional testing to determine the degree of surge line flow stratification. The measured displacements and temperatures were extensively reviewed and evaluated in detail: (1) to verify the validity of the thermal hydraulic model used to predict the pipe top-to-bottom temperature differentials; (2) to analytically correlate measured surge line temperatures and displacements; and (3) to confirm the validity of the stratified flow analysis procedure. This paper shows that the stratified flow phenomenon is generic and therefore generic loadings can be developed and evaluated for the surge line analyses. 相似文献
62.
The effect of high oxide field stress is studied using capacitance-time (C-t) measurements of MOS capacitors. The stress results in parallel shifts of the C-t curve along the time axis. The flatband voltage shift ΔVFB obtained from the initial deep depletion capacitance C(t=0+) follows the same trend as that from the high-frequency C-V characteristics. However, the discrepancy between the two flatband voltages becomes larger as the stress increases due to the effect of interface charges on C-t characteristics. The flatband voltage difference is converted to interface trap density, showing a steady increase of interface trap density with stress, similar to that from low-frequency C-V measurements 相似文献
63.
64.
Low temperature wafer direct bonding 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Qin-Yi Tong Cha G. Gafiteanu R. Gosele U. 《Journal of microelectromechanical systems》1994,3(1):29-35
A pronounced increase of interface energy of room temperature bonded hydrophilic Si/Si, Si/SiO2, and SiO2/SiO 2 wafers after storage in air at room temperature, 150°C for 10-400 h has been observed. The increased number of OH groups due to a reaction between water and the strained oxide and/or silicon at the interface at temperatures below 110°C and the formation of stronger siloxane bonds above 110°C appear to be the main mechanisms responsible for the increase in the interface energy. After prolonged storage, interface bubbles are detectable by an infrared camera at the Si/Si bonding seam. Desorbed hydrocarbons as well as hydrogen generated by a reaction of water with silicon appear to be the major contents in the bubbles. Design guidelines for low temperature wafer direct bonding technology are proposed 相似文献
65.
HD Park MF Watanabe K Harda H Nagai M Suzuki M Watanabe H Hayashi 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,1(6):353-360
Amounts of hepatotoxic microcystin and neurotoxic anatoxin-a were estimated in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from freshwaters in Japan. A simultaneous analysis method of anatoxin-a and microcystin was applied to natural bloom samples, which has been dominated by several species and the strains of cyanobacteria which produced simultaneously both toxins. The natural blooms examined in the present study were mainly composed of Anabaena and Oscillatoria, but most also contained Microcystis and other cyanobacteria. Only one sample was almost unialgal, Anabaena spiroides, collected from Lake Sagami. The toxins in 14 samples collected from nine different natural blooms during 1988-1992 were identified as microcystins-RR, -YR, and -LR; desmethyl-7-microcystin-LR (7-DMLR); and anatoxin-a. Microcystins were the main toxins contained in these natural blooms, with anatoxin-a not being detected or of very little quantity. 7-DMLR was detected in samples only from Lake Kasumigaura. Five strains of Anabaena isolated from waters in Japan produced a small amount of anatoxin-a, but no microcystins. One half of the strains of Microcystis produced microcystins and/or anatoxin-a. This is the first study showing Microcystis producing both anatoxin-a and microcystins. 相似文献
66.
67.
MA Steller KJ Gurski M Murakami RW Daniel KV Shah E Celis A Sette EL Trimble RC Park FM Marincola 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,4(9):2103-2109
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally associated with cervical cancer. We tested the effectiveness of an HLA-A*0201-restricted, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine in eliciting cellular immune responses in vivo in women with refractory cervical cancer. In a nonrandomized Phase I clinical trial, 12 women expressing the HLA-A2 allele with refractory cervical or vaginal cancer were vaccinated with four E786-93 lipopeptide inoculations at 3-week intervals. HLA-A2 subtyping was also performed, and HPV typing was assessed on tumor specimens. Induction of epitope-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses was analyzed using peripheral blood leukapheresis specimens obtained before and after vaccination. CTL specificity was measured by IFN-gamma release assay using HLA-A*0201 matched target cells. Clinical responses were assessed by physical examination and radiographic images. All HLA-A*0201 patients were able to mount a cellular immune response to a control peptide. E786-93-specific CTLs were elicited in 4 of 10 evaluable HLA-A*0201 subjects before vaccination, 5 of 7 evaluable HLA-A*0201 patients after two vaccinations, and 2 of 3 evaluable HLA-A*0201 cultures after all four inoculations. Two of three evaluable patients' CTLs converted from unreactive to reactive after administration of all four inoculations. There were no clinical responses or treatment toxicities. The ability to generate specific cellular immune responses is retained in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Vaccination with a lipidated HPV peptide epitope appears capable of safely augmenting CTL reactivity. Although enhancements of cellular immune responses are needed to achieve therapeutic utility in advanced cervical cancer, this approach might prove useful in treating preinvasive disease. 相似文献
68.
Young-Soo Lee Do-Hyeon Park Hee-Taik Kim Kyong-Ok Yoo 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》1995,12(1):23-28
Much SO2, another perilous air pollutant, was emitted during the oxidative regeneration of sulfided sorbent by H2S. In order to prevent emission of SO2, we carried out oxidative regeneration with the physical mixture of CaO and sulfided sorbent and investigated the effect
of regeneration temperature and oxygen concentration on the reactivity of CaO with S02. The effluent gases were analyzed by G.C. and the properties of sorbent were characterized by XRD. SEM, TG/DTA and EPMA.
Deterioration of reactivity of CaO with S02 resulted in increment of emission of SO12 due to the structural changes of CaO above 750°C and that at 850°C was more severe. Furthermore EPMA and XRD analysis revealed
that product layer diffusion through the solid product, CaSO4, was the rate limiting step for CaO sulfidation. The reaction of CaO w:.th SO2 was first order approximately and that was accelerated by high O2 concentration. 相似文献
69.
Overview of ship-design expert systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Expert systems constitute a branch of artificial intelligence, and their unique characteristics enable computer systems to perform at the level of a human expert by the use of algorithms that can capture domain-specific knowledge. Through an extensive survey of research about ship-design expert systems, we conclude that although development and implementation of expert systems for ship design offer substantial barriers, the shipbuilding industry needs them nonetheless. We examine the major reasons that use of expert systems in this industry has lagged behind. These include the problems of integration with existing computer-aided design systems, problems of knowledge representation and sizable development costs. We discuss in detail some key factors that can lead to the solution of these problems. 相似文献
70.
Seong-Ku Kim Joon Kyu Lee Yong-Mo Kim Jae-Hyun Ahn 《Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology》2002,16(7):1009-1018
The Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) concept has been applied to numerically simulate the combustion processes and
pollutant formation in the direct injection diesel engine. Due to the ability for interactively describing the transient behaviors
of local flame structures with CFD solver, the RIF concept has the capabilities to predict the auto-ignition and subsequent
flame propagation in the diesel engine combustion chamber as well as to effectively account for the detailed mechanisms of
soot formation, NOX formation including thermal NO path, prompt and nitrous NOX formation, and reburning process. Special emphasis is given to the turbulent combustion model which properly accounts for
vaporization effects on the mixture fraction fluctuations and the pdf model. The results of numerical modeling using the RIF
concept are compared with experimental data and with numerical results of the commonly applied procedure which the low-temperature
and high-temperature oxidation processes are represented by the Shell ignition model and the eddy dissipation model, respectively.
Numerical results indicate that the RIF approach including the vaporization effect on turbulent spray combustion process successfully
predicts the ignition delay time and location as well as the pollutant formation. 相似文献