Enzyme attached on polymeric micelles as a nanoscale reactor

Similar to what lipase does, a surface-active enzyme was developed by attaching peroxidase on combshaped polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-tetradecene (PMA-TD) in a microemulsion system composed of n-butyl acetate and buffer solution, and its catalytic characteristics of polyphenol synthesis were investigated in an aqueous solution. The modified peroxidase with PMA-TD tended to form self-assembled aggregates like micelles in the aqueous solution and could be concentrated at solvent/water interfaces without unfolding of the enzyme. The efficiency of conversion of 2,4-dichlorophenol to phenolic oligomers was approximately 2-fold improved with the modified peroxidase compared to native peroxidase. The K _m and V _max values for the modified peroxidase were 1.5-fold lower and 2-fold higher, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameter of the micelle on the modified peroxidase increased with the reaction time, indicating that phenolic products were accumulated in the hydrophobic interior of micelles. In addition, the molecular weight (MW) of phenolic polymers was much larger in the system with the modified peroxidase. These observations implied that the modified peroxidase with hydrophobic side chains formed micellar structures by solubilization of phenolic products and further polymerization reaction could occur in the hydrophobic interior of the micelles.     

Equilibrium of one-pot polymerization of polyimide

One-pot polymerization of polyimide from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) was examined. The equilibrium in the polyimide with water was examined in detail in p-chlorophenol solution during the polymerization. The equilibrium constant was expressed by log K = 1.50 + 1433 (1/T). The polymerization reaction is exothermic. The molecular weight increased with decrease of temperature. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Preparation of high-modulus poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers by vibrating hot drawing

A novel drawing method, vibrating hot drawing, was successfully applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber, which has a normal molecular weight (IV = 0.7 dL/g) and was prepared by melt spinning. The process was divided into three steps, with differing conditions in drawing temperature, applied tension, vibrating frequency, and amplitude. The drawing temperature and vibration frequency were decided by considering the α_a dispersion of the polymer. In spite of a low draw ratio (7.7) and a low crystallinity (0.55), the birefringence and dynamic storage modulus at room temperature of the 3rd-step fiber reached 0.260 and 36 GPa, respectively. The modulus remains at a high level at elevated temperatures, for example, 29 GPa at 100°C and 17 GPa at 200°C. Further, it was found from temperature and intensity of the α_a dispersion peak that the movements of amorphous chains are strongly inhibited. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Properties of copolyimides prepared from different tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and diamines

Various copolymides were prepared from two acid dianhydrides (BPDA, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride; PMDA, pyromelitic dianhydride) and two diamines (PPD, p-phenylene diamine; ODA, 4,4′-oxydianiline). The thermal and mechanical properties of these polyimides were examined in detail. By appropriately selecting the ratios of the acid dianhydride component and the diamine component, polyimide films having desirable mechanical and thermal characteristics can be obtained. Further, it was proved that there is a correlation between the properties and the compositions of the copolyimides and that the properties could be estimated from the compositions by the use of multiple regression analysis. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Nucleotide sequences of alcohol acetyltransferase genes from lager brewing yeast,Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

The nucleotide sequences of alcohol acetyltransferase genes isolated from lager brewing yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis have been determined. S. carlsbergensis has one ATF1 gene and another homologous gene, the Lg-ATF1 gene. There was a high degree of homology between the amino acid sequences deduced for the ATF1 protein and the Lg-ATF1 protein (75·7%), but the N-terminal region has a relatively low degree of homology. Southern analysis and contour-clamped homogeneous electric field analysis of Saccharomyces strains suggest that the ATF1 gene is located on chromosome XV in S. cerevisiae and that the Lg-ATF1 gene might originate from the ‘non-S. cerevisiae’ genome of S. carlsbergensis, which is similar to that of S. bayanus and S. pastorianus. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper will appear in the DDBJ, EMBL and GenBank data banks with the Accession Numbers D63449 (ATF1) and D63450 (Lg-ATF1).     

Fracture and acoustic emission characteristics of glass fiber reinforced plastics panels for hot water

This study deals with the fracture process and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of a randomly oriented E-glass fiber mat reinforcement with a crosslinked polyester. These panels were evaluated after they were immersed in hot water. The fiber volume content of the panel was 19%. Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) panels wer immersed in water at 81°C. Bending and AE monitoring tests were Performed and after bending, the cross-section of the specimen was observed by an optical microscope and SEM. The influence of degradation, due to water immersion, on the changes of fracture process of GFRP is discussed. The dominant fracture mode of the virgin specimen was matrix cracks, whereas that of the immersed specimen was debondings at the fiber bundle/matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. This change was caused by reduction of the bonding strength at the interface. The scale of fracture can be estimated by both AE amplitude and AE energy and this estimation method was used to estimate the fracture mode changes of GFRP panels immersed in hot water.     

Energetics of BAMO

3,3-Bis(azidomethyl)oxetane (BAMO) is a typical energetic azide polymer containing two N₃, bonds in the molecular structure. Since BAMO is a solidified polymer at room temperature, a liquid BAMO copolymer with tetrahydrofuran (THF) was synthesized in order to gain energetic binders for solid propellants. Various types of experiments were carried out to elucidate the decomposition and combustion processes of BAMO polymer, BAMO/THF copolymer, and crosslinked BAMO/THF copolymer. The heat produced by the decomposition is caused by the bond breakage of -N₃ to produce N₂, gas. The burning rate characteristics of crosslinked BAMO/THF copolymer depend largely on the mole fraction ratio of BAMO and THF.     

Investigation of the Aroma Profile of Green Tea Leaves Using Organic Synthesis and Conventional Analytical Techniques

Although many aroma components have been identified in green tea leaves, the aroma compounds contributing to green tea＇s characteristic odor have not yet been reported. The authors recently reported that aroma components with a matcha-like odor are present in both green tea and black tea prepared from the Sayamakaori tea cuttivar. This matcha-like odor is similar to the odor of commercial available matcha （high-quality powdered green tea）, and is a specific odor feature of green tea leaves. At present, the green-tea odor is thought to arise from the combination of a large number of constituents. Recent reports indicate that a complex interaction between olfactory receptors and odorants is important for the evaluation of the odors. Taking into consideration these findings, the authors investigated the aroma profile of green tea, focusing on the characteristic molecular structures of the constituents that give matcha-like odor. Using a combination of organic synthesis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry plus gas chromatography-olfactometry, the authors identified aroma components with matcha-like odors in five other tea cultivars. This investigation also revealed that several compounds with a formyl group were important constituents of the aroma of green tea leaves, although the odor of each constituent was not individually similar to the tea＇s overall aroma. The authors found for the first time a group of key components that have the matcha-like odor.     

Reduction and Sintering of a Nickel–Dispersed-Alumina Composite and Its Properties

High-density nickel–dispersed-alumina (Al₂O₃/nickel) composites with superior mechanical properties were obtained by the hydrogen reduction and the hot pressing of alumina–nickel oxide (Al₂O₃/NiO) mixed powders. The mixtures were prepared by using NiO or nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂· n H₂O) as a dispersion source of nickel metal. Microstructural investigations of the composite fabricated using nitrate powder revealed that fine nickel particles, } 100 nm in diameter, dispersed homogeneously at the matrix grain boundaries, forming the intergranular nanocomposite. High strength (.1 GPa) and high-temperature hardness were registered for the composite that contained a small amount of nickel dispersion. The ferromagnetic properties of nickel, such as high coercive force, were observed, because of the fine magnetic dispersions, which indicates a functional value of structural composites.