Effects of PbTiO 3 Seed Layer on the Characteristics of RF-Sputtered Pb(Zr 0.5 ,Ti 0.5 )O 3 Thin Films

The effects of seed layers on the characteristics of rf-sputtered lead zirconium titanate thin films were investigated. Prior to sputtering, PbTiO 3 seed layers (100 nm) were deposited onto the Pt/Ti/Si and Pt/Si substrates by sol-gel (spin coating) processing method. Structure-property relation was studied as functions of substrate temperature and sputtering conditions. Special efforts were given in optimizing the deposition parameters to prepare the films in the perovskite phase without post deposition annealing. Dielectric constant and loss tangent of the films were in the range 800-950 and 0.04 -0.06, respectively. Remanent polarization and coercive field were 23.1 w C/cm 2 and 75kV/cm, respectively, for the films without PbTiO 3 seed layer, where as the corresponding quantities for in situ -deposited perovskite Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 films on PbTiO 3 seed layer were 28 w C/cm 2 and 65 kV/cm, respectively.     

In vitro formation and thermal transition of novel hybrid fibrils from type I fish scale collagen and type I porcine collagen

Novel type I collagen hybrid fibrils were fabricated by neutralizing a mixture of type I fish scale collagen solution and type I porcine collagen solution with a phosphate buffer saline at 28 °C. Their structure was discussed in terms of the volume ratio of fish/porcine collagen solution. Scanning electron and atomic force micrographs showed that the diameter of collagen fibrils derived from the collagen mixture was larger than those derived from each collagen, and all resultant fibrils exhibited a typical D-periodic unit of ∼67 nm, irrespective of volume ratio of both collagens. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed only one endothermic peak for the fibrils derived from collagen mixture or from each collagen solution, indicating that the resultant collagen fibrils were hybrids of type I fish scale collagen and type I porcine collagen.     

Preliminary spectrum shifter design for intermediate energy nuclear data benchmark experiments with DT neutrons

Integral benchmark experiments with DT neutrons are not always sufficient for nuclear data benchmarking in the MeV region, below 10 MeV. A neutron spectrum shifter, which will be placed between a sample and a DT neutron source, is effective to moderate DT neutrons incident to the sample. In order to estimate effects of the spectrum shifter, the ratio of the contribution of 14 MeV neutrons in the leakage neutron and gamma-ray spectra was calculated with MCNP-4C for an experimental configuration at FNS of JAEA, Japan. The calculations were carried out for a Li₂TiO₃ sample with a Be, D₂O, or ⁷LiD spectrum shifter. It was found out that the Be shifter was superior to others and the Be shifter was effective to decrease the contribution of 14 MeV neutrons especially for secondary gamma-ray spectrum measurements.     

Decay of material properties of degraded MEA caused by repeated cold starts under subzero conditions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

This study investigated the characteristics of cell performance degradation, decline of component performance, and changes in the properties of membrane electrode assembly materials caused by repeated cold starts under a subzero condition of ?30 °C. It was made clear that functional decay appeared mainly at the cathode due to increased proton conductive impedance and reduction of reactivity of the electrode catalyst. Among the cathode components, an increase in proton conductive impedance in the cathode electrolyte was dominant. Furthermore, the application of ion chromatography and a newly developed proton‐induced gamma‐ray emission method to measure fluorine in the off‐gas drain revealed that decomposition of the electrolyte was dominant in the cathode catalyst layer. A decrease in fluorine in the cathode electrolyte measured by fluorine‐19 nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed this decomposition. A hypothesis is also presented concerning the cause of the performance degradation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20394     

Synthesis of Pd-Sn nanoparticles by ultrasonic irradiation and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction

Nanoparticles of Pd-Sn were prepared under various conditions by applying ultrasonic irradiation, and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction was evaluated in 0.5 M KOH. The average size of Pd-Sn nanoparticles thus prepared was about 3-5 nm. The Pd in Pd-Sn nanoparticles was found to be mostly in the metallic state. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pd-Sn nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is greater than Pt or Pd nanoparticles in alkaline media. The molar ratio of Pd to Sn metal ions in the synthesizing solution, their initial concentrations, the concentration of ethanol, which increases primary hydrogen radicals during sonolysis, and the concentration of citric acid were found to affect the size distribution of the Pd-Sn nanoparticles, and therefore, those factors controlled the electrocatalytic activity for ORR. Particularly, the concentration of citric acid was found to be important for controlling the surface property on Pd-Sn particles to adjust the electrocatalytic activity for ORR.     

Core business concentration vs. corporate diversification in the US electric utility industry: Synergy and deregulation effects

Many economists such as Wilson (2002) [Wilson, R., 2002. Architecture of power market, Econometrica, 70, 1299–1340] have considered that there are similarities between electricity and gas services in the US electric utility industry. Hence, they expect a synergy effect between them. However, the two businesses do not have technology similarities at the level that the gas service produces a synergy effect with electricity. To examine whether there is a synergy effect of corporate diversification in the industry, we compare electricity-specialized firms with diversified utility firms in terms of their financial performance and corporate value. The comparison indicates that core business concentration is more effective for electric utility firms than corporate diversification under the current US deregulation policy.     

Determination of free fatty acids in milk and dairy products by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection

A highly sensitive HPLC with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk and dairy products. For this purpose, the FFAs were extracted from small amounts of milk (1.0 mL), cheese (0.5 g) and butter (0.5 g) using Sep-Pak cartridge columns, and then derivatized to 9-anthrylmethyl esters with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM). Good separations of the ADAM derivatives of 16 FFAs (C4-C18) that exist in milk, cheese and butter, which permitted quantitative estimation of their individual FFAs, were achieved by HPLC on a C18 column (Cadenza CD-C18, 150 x 3 mm i.d.) using gradient elution with methanol and water. The acid values calculated from the contents of individual FFAs were in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional titration method. These results demonstrate that the present HPLC method is simple, sensitive and precise, and could be utilized widely for determination of the FFAs in milk and dairy products.     

Molecular recognition by wall-assembling-type nanocavity in aqueous media

Steroid cyclophanes, each having a macrocyclic ring attached to four bile acid moieties via chiral lysine connectors, were synthesized, and the binding of the 2-naphthylphenylketone (guest) to the steroid cyclophanes in water was investigated. The circular dichroism spectra of the steroid cyclophane with cholic acid and L-lysine were significantly affected by the binding of the guest, and the induced circular dichroism based on the absorption of the achiral guest was also observed. The binding of the guest to the steroid cyclophane with cholic acids and D-lysines induced changes in the circular dichroism spectra with the opposite sign of the molecular ellipticities. An induced circular dichroism spectral change was not observed upon binding of the guest to the analogous host without OH sites. These results strongly suggest that the guest is conformationally fixed through hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group of the guest and the steroidal hydroxyl group of the host. The assembly of only four steroid residues on the macrocyclic ring probably provided a hydrophobic nanocavity for hydrogen bonding.     

Disturbance-free high-speed sinusoidal phase-modulating laser diode interferometer

A surface profiler that incorporates a feedback controller to eliminate external disturbances is proposed and demonstrated. Its overall performance is dependent on the frequency response of the feedback loop. The frequency of the modulating signal strongly influences the response of the feedback controller. When we used the integrating-bucket method, the CCD camera had to be operated at a low-frequency video rate. Our technique uses a CCD camera equipped with an electronic shutter. The shutter function enables us to apply high-speed sinusoidal phase modulation to the conventional integrating-bucket method under the standard video rate.     

Synchronized fresh cell bioreactor system for continuous L-(+)-lactic acid production using Lactococcus lactis IO-1 in hydrolysed sago starch

An efficient bioreactor, termed a 'synchronized fresh cell bioreactor', was developed and consisted of a pH-dependent substrate feed system coupled with cross flow filtration and turbidity control. The effect of high dilution rate and high cell density coupled with high cell viability on the production of l-lactic acid in continuous culture by Lactococcus lactis IO-1 in enzyme-hydrolysed sago starch medium was investigated. For all changes in dilution rate, cells responded in a synchronized way to the addition of glucose by increasing the rate of biomass formation. Consequently, a glucose-free feed solution was required to maintain the cell concentration at a particular pre-set value. This set-up facilitated the maintenance of the cells in a permanent log phase. At a cell concentration of 15 gl(-1) and a feed glucose concentration of 53 gl(-1), volumetric LA productivities of 8.2, 19.3 and 33.1 gl(-1)h(-1) were obtained at dilution rates of 0.21, 0.50 and 1.1 h(-1), respectively. The respective residual glucose concentrations in the spent medium were 1.90, 0.24 and 3.80 gl(-1). By increasing the cell density, the volumetric productivity increased proportionally. At high cell density, higher dilution rates resulted in lower lactate concentrations in the culture medium resulting in higher productivity. This reactor facilitated efficient operation with high cell viability by maintaining the cells in continuous growth phase for long-term fermentation. Therefore, the growth rate (mu) was calculated according to the Monod equation. Using this system, high specific productivities can be obtained which guarantees high commercial productivity at economical cost with only a small investment for setting up the sago industry.