NMR study on sulfonation of internal olefins

Terminal olefins can be converted into the corresponding sulfonates by sulfonation with SO₃ followed by hydrolysis, the products are used as detergent ingredients. Although internal olefins were also expected to be good feed stocks, it was difficult to convert them into the corresponding sulfonates with as good of a yield as that of terminal olefins under the same synthesis conditions. Our studies have been carried out in order to clarify the reason for poorer conversion of the internal olefins. It was found by a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study that the major components of the sulfonated intermediate of internal olefins wereβ-sultones, the amounts of which were usually very small in sulfonated terminal olefins. A portion of theseβ-sultones was desulfonated, depending on temperature, to the original olefins and the corresponding sulfate salts during alkaline hydrolysis. The prevention of desulfonation of theβ-sultones in the hydrolysis process was one of the most important aspects for the production of internal olefin sulfonates. Finally, by keeping the hydrolysis temperature below 35°C, the conversion of internal olefins into sulfonates was achieved with the same yield as that of conventional terminal olefins.     

Organosilicon Derivatives of Buckminsterfullerene (C60): First Preparation of A Fullerene Silirane

C₆₀ reacts with photochemically generated bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)silylene (1) to give adducts, 2-4, as the isolable products. Spectroscopic analysis and theoretical investigation strongly support the silirane structure 2a, and not the isomeric 1,6-silamethano[10]annulene 2b.     

Controller design for parabolic distributed parameter systems using finite integral transform techniques

A procedure is presented for designing a control system for distributed parameter systems of parabolic type based on the reduced-order decoupled state-space model obtained by a finite integral-transform technique. A Kalman filter is used as an observer to estimate the state variables, and state feedback control is performed. The method was applied to a one-dimensional heat conduction process and a moving bed adsorber. Both state estimation and control performances were satisfactory in spite of the model and parameter uncertainties. Following this controller design approach, the searching algorithms for the optimal sensors' and the optimal actuators' allocation problems were solved. These algorithms were applied to a one-dimensional heat conduction process in order to confirm the state estimator and controller performance. The fastest state estimation could be achieved by assigning the sensors at the optimal locations and the desired state distribution was realized with a few actuators located at the optimal positions.     

X-ray spectroscopy of highly ionised atoms of Ti through Zn in a dense plasma

X-ray spectra for several elements have been observed from a high-temperature plasma produced in a vacuum spark using a curved-crystal spectrometer. The transition wavelengths of the He-like resonance lines for Ti through Zn are determined for the first time under careful experimental treatments. The result is compared with theoretical predictions. The transition wavelengths of the Fe He-like resonance series lines up to 1s6p–1s² and the Kβ transition energies of Ti partially M-shell-ionised ions (Ti VI–XIII) are also determined. As a result, several satellite lines are found.     

Consideration of allowable flaw size for pressurized pipes

Failure strength for circumferentially and axially cracked Type 304 stainless steel pipes is evaluated based on the net-stress approach. Using this approach, allowable flaw sizes for pipes containing circumferential or axial cracks are considered from the leakage and breakage viewpoint.     

Highly hydrogenated dietary soybean oil modifies the responses to polychlorinated biphenyls in rats

The effects of dietary highly hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) upon the changes caused by dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were examined in rats. Six groups of rats were fed the following diets for 30 d: a 20% soybean oil-containing diet (control diet), a diet in which a half of soybean oil was substituted with HSO (HSO-A diet), a diet in which cellulose powder was replaced with HSO (HSO-B diet) and these diets supplemented with 100 ppm PCBs (control+PCBs, HSO-A+PCBs and HSO-B+PCBs diets). Hepatic concentration of PCBs and relative liver weight were markedly decreased in rats fed with the HSO-A+PCBs diet compared with those fed with the other diets containing PCBs. Liver lipids and liver cholesterol were considerably decreased with a reciprocal increase in fecal sterol excretion by rats fed the HSO-A+PCBs and the HSO-B+PCBs diets compared with those fed with the control+PCBs diet. The fatty acid composition in hepatic phospholipids showed an independent increase of the saturated fatty acid content induced by dietary HSO and PCBs. Dietary PCBs also caused decreases in the amounts of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest that dietary HSO prevents accumulation of PCBs in the liver and promotes the excretion of lipids stimulated by PCBs, accompanied by a change in fatty acid metabolism.     

Simplified stable crack growth analyses of welded CT specimens—comparison study of GE/EPRI, reference stress and R6 methods

This paper describes some simplified stable crack growth analyses of two kinds of inhomogeneous CT specimens. The one is machined from a submerged are welded plate of a nuclear pressure vessel A533B Class 1 steel, while the other is machined from an electron-beam welded plate of the A533B Class 1 steel and a high strength HT80 steel. In both specimens, initial cracks are placed to be normal to the fusion line. The ratio of yield stresses of the weld metal and the base metal of the A533B Class 1 steel is about 1·15, while that of the HT80 and the A533B Class 1 steels is about 1·4.

The generation phase crack growth analyses using the GE/EPRI and the reference stress methods are performed, calculating an applied load (P) and the J-value, while the application phase analyses of analyses using the R6 method are performed to calculate the maximum value of the applied load (P_max). Finally, some modification procedures of the three simplified estimation schemes are discussed in order to apply them to inhomogeneous material regimes.     

Effect of oral administration of prostaglandin E1 on erectile dysfunction

Collagen-related peptides, Gly-Pro-Arg and its analogues, were examined for their inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by the addition of ADP. Human platelet aggregation was suppressed by more than 50% with each of Gly-Pro-Arg and such Gly-Pro-Arg-containing peptides as Gly-Pro-Arg-Gly, Gly-Pro-Arg-Gly-Pro, Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro, and Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro-Pro at a concentration of 0.3 mM. The inhibitory effects of these peptides were about 10 times higher in human PRP than in rat PRP. Other Gly-Pro-Arg analogues such as Sar-Pro-Arg, Gly-Pro-Lys, Gly-Ala-Arg, and Ala-Gly-Pro-Arg had no inhibitory effect at a concentration from 0.1 to 0.8 mM even in human PRP. Intravenous and oral administrations of Gly-Pro-Arg and enzymatic hydrolysates of collagen suppressed the decrease in platelet count for endotoxin-induced DIC in rats. Collagen itself has been regarded as a potent inducer of platelet aggregation, but these findings suggest that collagen-related peptides and enzymatic hydrolysates of collagen prevent platelet aggregation.     

Failure-analysis-based test chip design for quick yield improvement

A new design approach for a test chip developed to shorten the debugging cycle time in fabrication is described. This approach meets the requirements for failure analysis as well as parametric and statistical analyses. Particular attention is devoted to accurate defect density estimation and to locating individual defects. This is done by designing test structures suitable for both electrical measurements and failure analysis. A specially designed test chip, named YTEG, is used to evaluate 0.5-μm CMOS process technologies, and confirms the effectiveness of the chip.     

Use of 123I-BMIPP single-photon emission tomography to estimate areas at risk following successful revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and nature of intraoperative complications of endocapsular phacoemulsification cataract surgery. SETTING: Dalcross Private Hospital and the Departments of Ophthalmology, Concord Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia. METHODS: This prospective study included the first 1000 cases of planned endocapsular phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed by an experienced surgeon. A standardized proforma was completed at the time of surgery. Data recorded included pre-existing ocular abnormalities, duration of surgery, nuclear sclerosis grade, and intraoperative complications. RESULTS: Major complications comprised posterior capsule tears with vitreous loss (1.4%), isolated posterior capsule tears (0.7%), and zonulysis (0.1%). Minor complications included anterior capsule tears (3.8%), iris prolapse (0.6%), and ciliary body incision (0.2%). There was a significant trend toward complications as the nuclear sclerosis grade increased. The incidence of major complications was 9.3% in the first 150 cases and 0.9% in the last 850. This represents a relative risk of 9.9 (95% confidence interval 4.2 to 23.0) of a major complication occurring in the first 150 compared with the later 850 cases. CONCLUSION: The frequency of major and minor complications fell sharply after the first 150 operations and was maintained. This study may provide a guide for beginning phacoemulsification surgeons and a basis for experienced surgeons to compare their performance outcomes.