Directional causality in the demand for electrical energy in the United States

The majority of the studies on the demand for electrical energy have been done with single-equation models. In this paper it is demonstrated that not only is the quantity of electrical energy demanded a function of price, but price is related causally to quantity in the residential sector. The significance of this is that it is not sufficient to estimate single-equation models. Since bidirectional causality cannot be statistically rejected, any estimation of the demand for electrical energy must be done in a system of simultaneous equations to avoid specification errors and the associated problems.     

Effect of polysaccharide charge on formation and properties of biopolymer nanoparticles created by heat treatment of β-lactoglobulin–pectin complexes

Biopolymer nanoparticles can be formed by heating globular protein/polysaccharide mixtures above the thermal denaturation temperature of the protein under pH conditions where the two biopolymers are weakly electrically attracted to each other. In this study, the influence of polysaccharide linear charge density on the formation and properties of these biopolymer nanoparticles was examined. Mixed solutions of globular proteins (β-lactoglobulin) and anionic polysaccharides (high and low methoxyl pectin) were prepared. Micro-electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, turbidity and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were used to determine the influence of protein-to-polysaccharide mass ratio (r), solution pH, and heat treatment on biopolymer particle formation. Biopolymer nanoparticles (d < 500 nm) could be formed by heating protein–polysaccharide complexes at 83 °C for 15 min at pH 4.75 and r = 2:1 in the absence of added salt. The biopolymer particles formed were then subjected to pH and salt adjustment to determine their stability. The pH stability was greater for β-lactoglobulin-HMP complexes than for β-lactoglobulin-LMP complexes. The addition of 200 mM sodium chloride to heated complexes greatly improved the pH stability of HMP complexes, but decreased the pH stability of LMP complexes. The biopolymer particles formed consisted primarily of β-lactoglobulin, which was probably surrounded by a pectin coating at low pH values. AFM measurements indicated that the biopolymer nanoparticles formed were spheroid in shape. These biopolymer particles may be useful as delivery systems or fat mimetics.     

Interventions targeting non-symptomatic cases can be important to prevent local outbreaks: SARS-CoV-2 as a case study

During infectious disease epidemics, an important question is whether cases travelling to new locations will trigger local outbreaks. The risk of this occurring depends on the transmissibility of the pathogen, the susceptibility of the host population and, crucially, the effectiveness of surveillance in detecting cases and preventing onward spread. For many pathogens, transmission from pre-symptomatic and/or asymptomatic (together referred to as non-symptomatic) infectious hosts can occur, making effective surveillance challenging. Here, by using SARS-CoV-2 as a case study, we show how the risk of local outbreaks can be assessed when non-symptomatic transmission can occur. We construct a branching process model that includes non-symptomatic transmission and explore the effects of interventions targeting non-symptomatic or symptomatic hosts when surveillance resources are limited. We consider whether the greatest reductions in local outbreak risks are achieved by increasing surveillance and control targeting non-symptomatic or symptomatic cases, or a combination of both. We find that seeking to increase surveillance of symptomatic hosts alone is typically not the optimal strategy for reducing outbreak risks. Adopting a strategy that combines an enhancement of surveillance of symptomatic cases with efforts to find and isolate non-symptomatic infected hosts leads to the largest reduction in the probability that imported cases will initiate a local outbreak.     

Learning Elastic Constitutive Material and Damping Models

Commonly used linear and nonlinear constitutive material models in deformation simulation contain many simplifications and only cover a tiny part of possible material behavior. In this work we propose a framework for learning customized models of deformable materials from example surface trajectories. The key idea is to iteratively improve a correction to a nominal model of the elastic and damping properties of the object, which allows new forward simulations with the learned correction to more accurately predict the behavior of a given soft object. Space-time optimization is employed to identify gentle control forces with which we extract necessary data for model inference and to finally encapsulate the material correction into a compact parametric form. Furthermore, a patch based position constraint is proposed to tackle the challenge of handling incomplete and noisy observations arising in real-world examples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with a set of synthetic examples, as well with data captured from real world homogeneous elastic objects.     

Book reviews

The Annals of Regional Science -     

Dispersion of PCB in the environment following an atmospheric release caused by a fire

During a fire at a power plant located in the coastal plain of Israel, PCBs were released to the atmosphere from a ruptured transformer. Since PCBs are probably carcinogenic to humans, this study was performed in order to assess the environmental contamination by PCBs via the atmospheric pathway and the need for remediation measures. The release conditions and the meteorological conditions which prevailed during the fire were analyzed. This provided the input to a Gaussian dispersion model used to estimate the downwind-contaminated sector as well as the location of the maximal concentration within this sector. A sampling plan was then devised and vegetation collected within this sector was analyzed for PCBs. A methodology was developed to convert PCB concentrations in vegetation to concentrations in the atmosphere. It allowed a reconstitution of the PCB source term to the atmosphere from the vegetation measurements. The PCB concentrations were found to be lower than the USEPA decontamination standards. Remediation measures were not needed beyond the plant fence.     

THE IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY AND OTHER INPUT USE FOR CONSERVATION TILLAGE

An important issue with regard to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment concerns what happens to energy, pesticide and fertilizer use as these practices are more extensively adopted. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. Starting with the assumption that the conservation tillage adoption decision is a two step procedure — the first is the decision whether or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage should be used — appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and had an above average expenditure on pesticides, a below average expenditure on energy and a below average expenditure on custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above average expenditure was made on fertilizer. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 21, 429–446 (1997)     

The impact of the proposed reduction in the motor fuels excise tax in the United States

The analysis in this paper examines the impact of reducing the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on the United States economy. The analytical approach used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of fourteen producing sectors, fourteen consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of a 4·3 cents per gallon reduction in the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on prices and quantities are examined. The results suggest, for example, a decrease in the tax would result in higher output by the producing sectors (by about $2·86 billion), a expansion in the consumption of goods and services (by about $3·48 billion), and an increase in welfare (by about $3·59 billion). The government would realize a decrease in revenue of about $2·37 billion. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental validation of an optimization formulation of the human grasping quality sense

An experimental procedure that evaluates the quality of a grasp is developed. In this procedure human subjects grasp a rigid object that is subjected to an external load. Three formulations that capture the sense of grasping quality through the energy level stored in the gripper, maximum value of the applied finger forces, and through the distribution of the grasping forces are considered. The applied finger forces are measured and the quality values of the grasp based on these three different formulations are computed. These grasping quality values are compared with numerical human assessments, that are obtained via a psychophysical magnitude estimation method. We derive an augmented weighted functional that combines these three formulations, and show that it exhibits a high correlation with human quality assessment. Our results demonstrate that the most dominant mechanism that characterizes the quality of a rigid body grasp is the uniformity level of the contact forces. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.