Über den Einsatz natürlicher Binder bei der Papierherstellung und -veredlung

The Use of Natural Binders in Paper Making and Surface Applications. Binders are used in paper making for improvement of web strength and in surface operations – here particularly in coating – for gluing the pigments applied to the paper surface onto the same. As „natural binders”︁ those are meant here, which are of plant or animal origin and which are used as solutions or colloidal solutions. That is a distinct boundary towards the synthetic dispersions, which dominate the field today. Starch excels in economic importance among the natural binders. In order to strengthen the web structure cationic starches are used in the furnish. By the help of a size press the surface improvement of the paper can be done within the paper machine. Here native and degraded starches are predominant. In the case of paper coating fine pigment particles are applied to the paper surface in order to obtain a smoother paper surface with improved printability. The pigments must be held to the paper by a binder. Even as the use of starch for this purpose of pure binding power is more economic in comparison to synthetic latices, they are nevertheless here dominant. The reason for this are problems, which show up in printability of coated starch containing paper surfaces. They are reduced ink reception and migration of starch during drying of the coatings. It should be possible that in cooperation between the paper and the starch industry existing problems in the use of starch can be solved or diminished in order to obtain an increased application of starch in the paper industry in the future. This, in the case of market acceptable prices, would be in the interest of both industries.     

Reproducibility and the Concept of Numerical Solution

Minds and Machines - In this paper, we show that reproducibility is a severe problem that concerns simulation models. The reproducibility problem challenges the concept of numerical solution and...     

Solubility of poly(n-alkylmethacrylate)s in hydrocarbons and in alcohols

Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), poly(butylmethacrylate) (PBMA), and poly(decylmethacrylate) (PDMA) are completely miscible with toluene at normal pressure from room temperature up to the boiling point of the solvent. In alkanes (C₆ to C₁₀) and 1-pentanol the solubility increases with the length of the side chain of the polymer: PMMA always exhibits a solubility gap within the above temperature range, PBMA shows upper critical solution temperatures (except n-hexane, which is a non-solvent), and PDMA mixes completely with all alkanes under consideration. Alcohols (up to C₄) are non-solvents for PMMA but theta solvents for PBMA and PDMA (except ethanol which is a non-solvent for the latter). The low temperature demixing of ethanol/PBMA is shifted towards lower temperatures by pressure.     

The Estimation of the Molecular Weight of Polytetrafluoroethylene Based on the Heat of Crystallisation. A Comment on Suwa's Equation

Summary: The influence of number‐average molecular weight ranging from 1.4 · 10⁴ to 1.2 · 10⁶ g/mol on the thermal behaviour of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been studied. Samples have been prepared by radiation‐induced degradation of commercial PTFE. The molecular weight has been calculated using end‐group concentration determined by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and ¹⁹F solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Melting and crystallisation heats were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results have been discussed with respect to quantitative relationships between number‐average molecular weight and heat of crystallisation of PTFE described in the literature. The molecular weight calculated from Suwa's equation, which is often used in the literature, has been found to be too low.

Concentration of end‐groups and the molecular weight of PTFE versus the irradiation dose.     

Synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides by alcoholysis of palm oil and tuna oil using immobilized lipases

Commercial immobilized lipases were used for the synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides (2‐MG) by alcoholysis of palm and tuna oils with ethanol in organic solvents. Several parameters were studied, i.e., the type of immobilized lipases, water activity, type of solvents and temperatures. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of tuna oil were at a water activity of 0.43 and a temperature of 60 °C in methyl‐tert‐butyl ether for ～12 h. Although immobilized lipase preparations from Pseudomonas sp. and Candida antarctica fraction B are not 1, 3‐regiospecific enzymes, they were considered to be more suitable for the production of 2‐MG by the alcoholysis of tuna oil than the 1, 3‐regiospecific lipases (Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei and lipase D from Rhizopus delemar). With Pseudomonas sp. lipase a yield of up to 81% 2‐MG containing 80% PUFA (poly‐unsaturated fatty acids) from tuna oil was achieved. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of palm oil were similar as these of tuna oil alcoholysis. However, lipase D immobilized on Accurel EP100 was used as catalyst at 40 °C with shorter reaction times (<12 h). This lead to a yield of ～60% 2‐MG containing 55.0‐55.7% oleic acid and 18.7‐21.0% linoleic acid.     

Light-induced electron spin polarization in the ground state of water-soluble copper porphyrins

Light-induced spin-polarized transient EPR spectra are reported for several water-soluble copper porphyrins. The spectra are assigned to the doublet ground state, with emissive spin polarization resulting from photoexcitation and subsequent electronic relaxation. In contrast to other systems for which polarization of a doublet ground state has been observed, the exchange interactions in the copper porphyrins are strong and the geometry is fixed. It is proposed that intersystem crossing from the photoexcited trip-doublet to the trip-quartet state can lead to net polarization of the spin system and that this polarization is maintained during electronic decay, possibly via charge-transfer and exciplex states. The intensity of the observed spin polarization is essentially independent of the molecular orientation in the external field, but is strongly dependent on the nature of the charged peripheral groups. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.     

Glass foam of high compressive strength produced from photovoltaic module waste glass,eggshell, and clay

A glass foam (GF) of high specific compressive strength (12.17±1.91 MPa g⁻¹ cm⁻³) and low thermal conductivity (.121±.001 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹) was produced from waste glass of photovoltaic module, eggshells, and bentonite clay. The influences of the amount of clay and heat-treatment temperature on the GFs final properties were assessed. X-ray diffraction results and the data of microscopic analyses demonstrated that addition of clay affected the structure and porosity of the GFs, and consequently their mechanical properties. On the basis of the mechanical property (density), the GF that composed of 80% waste glass, 10% clay, and 10% eggshell at the sintering temperature of 900°C was the best. The GFs reported in this study could serve as promising insulators in situations where high load support is required.     

Effect of temporal aggregation on multiple time series in the frequency domain

The effect of temporal aggregation on bivariate spectral measures is investigated. First, the low‐frequency regression coefficient turns out to be invariant under aggregation irrespective of differencing, with the exception of when the aggregation of flow and stock variables is combined. Second, the long‐run squared coherency is invariant with respect to aggregation irrespective of differencing. Third, for frequencies different from zero, limiting results for a growing aggregation level m are obtained equal to those at frequency 0 of the underlying basic series. Hence, all frequency domain information is distorted by aggregation apart from the long‐run one. This also holds true for the phase angle that always approaches zero with growing aggregation level m. The sole exception to these findings is the case of the skip sampling stationary series. Moreover, for finite aggregation level, one may exactly quantify the aggregational effect on each cycle of interest. Numerical examples illustrate our results.