Development of a Continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor and the “Scale‐out” Concept – In Search of Perfect Powders

The synthesis of powders with controlled shape and narrow particle size distributions is still a major challenge for many industries. A continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor (SFTR) has been developed to overcome homogeneity and scale‐up problems encountered when using batch reactors. Supersaturation is created by mixing the co‐reactants in a micromixer inducing precipitation; the suspension is then segmented into identical micro‐volumes by a non‐miscible fluid and sent through a tube. These micro‐volumes are more homogeneous when compared to large batch reactors leading to narrower size distributions, better particle morphology, polymorph selectivity and stoichiometry. All these features have been demonstrated on single tube SFTR for different chemical systems. To increase productivity for commercial application the SFTR is being “scaled‐out” by multiplying the number of tubes running in parallel instead of scaling‐up by increasing their size. The versatility of the multi‐tube unit will allow changes in type of precipitate with a minimum of new investment as new chemistry can be researched, developed and optimised in a single tube SFTR and then transferred to the multi‐tube unit for powder production.     

Photosensitivity of surface barrier structures based on Cu(In,Ga)Se<Subscript>2</Subscript> films grown by codeposition in vacuum

Polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) films with various ratios of Cu, In, and Ga were grown by codeposition of all elements in vacuum. The X-ray diffraction study showed that the films are single-phase and possess a chalcopyrite structure with predominant [112] orientation. The films exhibited a mirror smooth surface and had a close-packed structure composed of crystallites with clear faceting and a transverse size of 0.1–0.3 μm. Related surface barrier structures of the (In,Ag)/Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ type were obtained and their spectra of the quantum efficiency of photoconversion were studied. The obtained structures can be used for optimization of the CIGS film technology.     

Synthesis and Study of Alkaline-Earth Metal Uranoborates,AI I(BUO5)2·nH2O

Previously unknown compounds A^{I I}(BUO₅)₂·nH₂O (A^{I I} = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; n = 0-7) were synthesized. Their structure and thermal decomposition were studied by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.     

Thermal conductivity of doped PbTe-based solid solutions with off-center impurities

The coefficients of thermopower and electrical and thermal conductivity in the PbTe_0.8Se_0.1 S _0.1 solid solution with electron concentration (4.6–54) × 10¹⁸ cm^?3 are studied in the range of 85–300 K (and in some cases up to 700 K). The temperature dependences of electrical and thermal conductivity indicate that the low-temperature electron and phonon scattering initiated by the off-center impurity of sulfur exists. The temperature dependences of the electronic and lattice components of thermal conductivity are calculated in the approximation of a parabolic spectrum and electron scattering by acoustic phonons and neutral substitutional impurities. The lattice thermal conductivity is found to have a feature in the form of a shallow minimum in the range of 85–250 K. A similar feature, while not so clearly pronounced, is found to exist also in Pb_1?x Sn_xTe_1?x Se_x alloys (x≥0.15) with an off-center tin impurity. An analysis of the possible origins of this effect suggests that, at low temperatures, the Lorentz numbers L of the materials under study are smaller than the L₀ numbers employed which correspond to the above scattering mechanisms. The cause of the decrease in L is related to electron scattering at two-level systems, a mechanism whose effect grows with increasing electron energy. An analysis of experimental data obtained at high temperatures, as well as on undoped samples with the lowest possible carrier concentrations, yields the values of L for samples with different electron densities. The minimum value L/L₀ = 0.75 is obtained for a lightly doped sample at ～130 K.     

A left-handed composite medium based on waveguiding structures with a bianisotropic filling

A new composite medium based on waveguiding structures loaded with bianisotropic gratings of planar double split rings (PDSRs) and planar helices is considered. The microwave transmission spectra of this medium are studied experimentally. The effective parameters of the medium are determined theoretically, and its passbands are investigated. The characteristics of the medium are compared to those of infinite homogeneous bianisotropic media. A relationship between the spectral transmission characteristics and the type of resonance excitation is established. The transparency bands and overforbidden bands of the composite medium are revealed. The combinations of the medium’s effective parameters that correspond to these bands are determined. It is shown that the transparency bands where the medium is characterized simultaneously by negative permittivity and negative permeability can be identified.     

Reversed Temperature-Dependent Propagation Delay Characteristics in Nanometer CMOS Circuits

The supply voltage to threshold voltage ratio is reduced with each new technology generation. The gate overdrive variation with temperature plays an increasingly important role in determining the speed characteristics of CMOS integrated circuits. The temperature-dependent propagation delay characteristics, as shown in this brief, will experience a complete reversal in the near future. Contrary to the older technology generations, the speed of circuits in a 45-nm CMOS technology is enhanced when the temperature is increased at the nominal supply voltage. Operating an integrated circuit at the prescribed nominal supply voltage is not preferable for reliable operation under temperature fluctuations. A design methodology based on optimizing the supply voltage for temperature-variation-insensitive circuit performance is proposed in this brief. The optimum supply voltage is 45% to 53% lower than the nominal supply voltage in a 180-nm CMOS technology. Alternatively, the optimum supply voltage is 15% to 35% higher than the nominal supply voltage in a 45-nm CMOS technology. The speed and energy tradeoffs in the supply voltage optimization technique are also presented     

Performance of decorrelating receivers in multipath Rician fading channels

This letter focuses on the performance analysis of the decorrelating receiver in multipath Rician faded CDMA channels. M-ary QAM scheme is employed to improve the spectral efficiency. Approximate expressions are first derived for the two performance indexes: the average symbol error rate (SER) and the average bit error rate (BER) when the decorrelating-first receiver perfectly knows the channel information of the user of interest. To achieve desirable closed-form expressions of the SER and the BER, we exploit results in large system analysis and make assumptions of a high signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and/or a small Rician K-factor. To measure the receiver performance in the practical scenario, we further derive expressions to approximate the average SER and BER of the decorrelating-first scheme with channel uncertainty. Simulation results demonstrate that the analytical results can also be employed to evaluate the performance of the combining-first receiver.     

Electrical and photoelectric properties of electrochemically fabricated SnO2/Cd0.4Zn0.6S/CdTe solar cells

Solar cells based on SnO₂/Cd_0.4Zn_0.6S/CdTe heterostructures are fabricated by electrochemical deposition, and the dependences of their electrical and photoelectric properties on the thermal annealing conditions are studied. It is shown that thermal annealing reduces the tunnel currents by almost two orders of magnitude. The best conditions of thermal annealing are determined (t = 300°C and τ = 9 min). These conditions provide the highest photosensitivity of the heterostructures under study (I _sc ≈ 21.2 mA/cm², U _oc ≈ 813 mV, and η = 14.7%).     

Towards intelligent dressing

The aim of this article is to state the principles of an intelligent monitoring and control system for the grinding machine, comprising the dressing process as well as grinding stability.