全文获取类型
收费全文 | 518974篇 |
免费 | 4532篇 |
国内免费 | 1572篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 8846篇 |
综合类 | 677篇 |
化学工业 | 77477篇 |
金属工艺 | 27680篇 |
机械仪表 | 18694篇 |
建筑科学 | 10857篇 |
矿业工程 | 4940篇 |
能源动力 | 10616篇 |
轻工业 | 31142篇 |
水利工程 | 7097篇 |
石油天然气 | 16509篇 |
武器工业 | 68篇 |
无线电 | 53039篇 |
一般工业技术 | 116922篇 |
冶金工业 | 79090篇 |
原子能技术 | 16043篇 |
自动化技术 | 45381篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 4365篇 |
2019年 | 4214篇 |
2018年 | 12755篇 |
2017年 | 13134篇 |
2016年 | 11654篇 |
2015年 | 5227篇 |
2014年 | 8566篇 |
2013年 | 20108篇 |
2012年 | 14358篇 |
2011年 | 21653篇 |
2010年 | 18109篇 |
2009年 | 18855篇 |
2008年 | 19530篇 |
2007年 | 20462篇 |
2006年 | 12905篇 |
2005年 | 13512篇 |
2004年 | 12706篇 |
2003年 | 12381篇 |
2002年 | 11353篇 |
2001年 | 10866篇 |
2000年 | 10538篇 |
1999年 | 10178篇 |
1998年 | 22044篇 |
1997年 | 16257篇 |
1996年 | 12464篇 |
1995年 | 9805篇 |
1994年 | 8822篇 |
1993年 | 8975篇 |
1992年 | 6974篇 |
1991年 | 6915篇 |
1990年 | 6807篇 |
1989年 | 6704篇 |
1988年 | 6345篇 |
1987年 | 5916篇 |
1986年 | 5839篇 |
1985年 | 6344篇 |
1984年 | 5961篇 |
1983年 | 5669篇 |
1982年 | 5271篇 |
1981年 | 5423篇 |
1980年 | 5401篇 |
1979年 | 5353篇 |
1978年 | 5554篇 |
1977年 | 5879篇 |
1976年 | 7167篇 |
1975年 | 4912篇 |
1974年 | 4968篇 |
1973年 | 5014篇 |
1972年 | 4350篇 |
1971年 | 3945篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Chou Y.C. Leung D. Lai R. Grundbacher R. Barsky M. Kan Q. Tsai R. Wojtowicz M. Eng D. Tran L. Block T. Liu P.H. Nishimoto M. Oki A. 《Electron Device Letters, IEEE》2003,24(6):378-380
The authors have investigated the reliability performance of G-band (183 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers fabricated using 0.07-/spl mu/m T-gate InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMTs with pseudomorphic In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As channel on 3-in wafers. Life test was performed at two temperatures (T/sub 1/ = 200 /spl deg/C and T/sub 2/ = 215 /spl deg/C), and the amplifiers were stressed at V/sub ds/ of 1 V and I/sub ds/ of 250 mA/mm in a N/sub 2/ ambient. The activation energy is as high as 1.7 eV, achieving a projected median-time-to-failure (MTTF) /spl ap/ 2 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ h at a junction temperature of 125 /spl deg/C. MTTF was determined by 2-temperature constant current stress using /spl Delta/G/sub mp/ = -20% as the failure criteria. The difference of reliability performance between 0.07-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs with pseudomorphic In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As channel and 0.1-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs with In/sub 0.6/Ga/sub 0.4/As channel is also discussed. The achieved high-reliability result demonstrates a robust 0.07-/spl mu/m pseudomorphic InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs production technology for G-band applications. 相似文献
102.
Polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films with various ratios of Cu, In, and Ga were grown by codeposition of all elements in vacuum. The X-ray diffraction
study showed that the films are single-phase and possess a chalcopyrite structure with predominant [112] orientation. The
films exhibited a mirror smooth surface and had a close-packed structure composed of crystallites with clear faceting and
a transverse size of 0.1–0.3 μm. Related surface barrier structures of the (In,Ag)/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 type were obtained and their spectra of the quantum efficiency of photoconversion were studied. The obtained structures can
be used for optimization of the CIGS film technology. 相似文献
103.
104.
Previously unknown compounds AI
I(BUO5)2·nH2O (AI
I = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; n = 0-7) were synthesized. Their structure and thermal decomposition were studied by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. 相似文献
105.
E. A. Gurieva P. P. Konstantinov L. V. Prokof D. A. Pshenaĭ-Severin M. I. Fedorov Yu. I. Ravich 《Semiconductors》2006,40(7):763-767
The coefficients of thermopower and electrical and thermal conductivity in the PbTe0.8Se0.1 S 0.1 solid solution with electron concentration (4.6–54) × 1018 cm?3 are studied in the range of 85–300 K (and in some cases up to 700 K). The temperature dependences of electrical and thermal conductivity indicate that the low-temperature electron and phonon scattering initiated by the off-center impurity of sulfur exists. The temperature dependences of the electronic and lattice components of thermal conductivity are calculated in the approximation of a parabolic spectrum and electron scattering by acoustic phonons and neutral substitutional impurities. The lattice thermal conductivity is found to have a feature in the form of a shallow minimum in the range of 85–250 K. A similar feature, while not so clearly pronounced, is found to exist also in Pb1?x SnxTe1?x Sex alloys (x≥0.15) with an off-center tin impurity. An analysis of the possible origins of this effect suggests that, at low temperatures, the Lorentz numbers L of the materials under study are smaller than the L0 numbers employed which correspond to the above scattering mechanisms. The cause of the decrease in L is related to electron scattering at two-level systems, a mechanism whose effect grows with increasing electron energy. An analysis of experimental data obtained at high temperatures, as well as on undoped samples with the lowest possible carrier concentrations, yields the values of L for samples with different electron densities. The minimum value L/L0 = 0.75 is obtained for a lightly doped sample at ~130 K. 相似文献
106.
V. S. Butylkin G. A. Kraftmakher 《Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics》2006,51(5):484-497
A new composite medium based on waveguiding structures loaded with bianisotropic gratings of planar double split rings (PDSRs) and planar helices is considered. The microwave transmission spectra of this medium are studied experimentally. The effective parameters of the medium are determined theoretically, and its passbands are investigated. The characteristics of the medium are compared to those of infinite homogeneous bianisotropic media. A relationship between the spectral transmission characteristics and the type of resonance excitation is established. The transparency bands and overforbidden bands of the composite medium are revealed. The combinations of the medium’s effective parameters that correspond to these bands are determined. It is shown that the transparency bands where the medium is characterized simultaneously by negative permittivity and negative permeability can be identified. 相似文献
107.
The emerging software defined radio technologies will be an enabler for a new generation of dynamic wireless systems. It will also open up the possibility of allocating frequencies in a, more dynamic way than today. From an intersystem-interference point of view, this can cause unforeseen problems to occur due to the increased complexity in such applications. In such applications, a measure indicating whether or not a frequency band is possible to use from an electromagnetic interference point of view, must be found. A simple approach is to use the measured total average interference power within the receiver band. Since the interference impact on modern digital communication systems from an interference signal does not only depend on the power but also on the actual waveform of the interference signal, some kind of quality measure of the average-power approach would be convenient to use. In this paper, we introduce a simple quality measure of the average-power approach so that a rough adjustment for the interference-waveform properties can be done. 相似文献
108.
Reekmans S. De Maeyer J. Rombouts P. Weyten L. 《IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. I, Regular papers》2006,53(12):2529-2538
Quadrature sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters require a feedback path for both the I and the Q parts of the complex feedback signal. If two separate multibit feedback digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are used, mismatch among the unit DAC elements leads to additional mismatch noise in the output spectrum as well as an I/Q imbalance. This paper proposes new quadrature bandpass (QBP) mismatch shaping techniques. In our approach, the I and Q DACs are merged into one complex DAC, which leads to near-perfect I/Q balance. To select the unit DAC elements of the complex multibit DAC, the well-known butterfly shuffler and tree structure are generalized towards a complex structure, and necessary constraints for their correct functioning are derived. Next, a very efficient first-order QBP shaper implementation is proposed. Finally, the newly presented complex structures are simulated to prove their effectiveness and are compared with each other with respect to performance 相似文献
109.
Kumar R. Kursun V. 《Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on》2006,53(10):1078-1082
The supply voltage to threshold voltage ratio is reduced with each new technology generation. The gate overdrive variation with temperature plays an increasingly important role in determining the speed characteristics of CMOS integrated circuits. The temperature-dependent propagation delay characteristics, as shown in this brief, will experience a complete reversal in the near future. Contrary to the older technology generations, the speed of circuits in a 45-nm CMOS technology is enhanced when the temperature is increased at the nominal supply voltage. Operating an integrated circuit at the prescribed nominal supply voltage is not preferable for reliable operation under temperature fluctuations. A design methodology based on optimizing the supply voltage for temperature-variation-insensitive circuit performance is proposed in this brief. The optimum supply voltage is 45% to 53% lower than the nominal supply voltage in a 180-nm CMOS technology. Alternatively, the optimum supply voltage is 15% to 35% higher than the nominal supply voltage in a 45-nm CMOS technology. The speed and energy tradeoffs in the supply voltage optimization technique are also presented 相似文献
110.
Fifty-eight commercial yogurt products of seven brands (which claimed to include bifidobacteria) were obtained from local stores in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. These products were examined at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for the viability of bifidobacteria and yogurt starter culture during refrigerated storage at 4°C. Our results showed that bifidobacteria counts were variable, ranging from 0 to 5.5 log cfu/mL. The average yogurt starter culture counts ranged from 5.20 to 8.87 log cfu/mL and 7.51–8.94 log cfu/mL for Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus , respectively. Of the 58 products tested, only 44 products (76%) contained viable cultures. Viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt samples remained within the same levels during 3 weeks of storage at 4°C; however, the bacterial count started to decline during the fourth week. These results suggest optimal beneficial consumption of yogurt foods with live bifidobacteria should occur within 3 weeks of production. Results obtained from this research could be used by the industry to develop new technologies to ensure consumers receive high-quality products. 相似文献