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991.
In the present work, the ohmic resistance of an integrated planar-SOFC (IP-SOFC) has been evaluated by developing a model
whose equations have been solved numerically through an FEM method. The model allows to estimate the distribution of voltage
and current density in the cell. A comparison between simulated and experimental data of area specific resistance is reported,
which shows satisfactory agreement. The mathematical model has also been used to carry out some parametric studies for optimisation
purposes. Indeed, a reduction in cell pitch length and an increase in electrode thickness are predicted to lead to a reduction
in ohmic losses in IP-SOFCs. 相似文献
992.
The rheological behavior, thermal properties, and molecular mobility of a series of maleic anhydride (MA) grafted high‐density polyethylenes were characterized and evaluated. The rheological behavior was studied with a Haake minilaboratory. The viscosity of the samples in their melt state decreased with an increase in the graft yield, and this could be attributed to the higher molecular mobility for samples with a higher degree of grafting. The thermal properties were investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Positron annihilation lifetime measurements were used to study the effect of the degree of grafting on the chemical environment and the atomic‐scale free‐volume properties. It was found that the grafted MA group played a significant chemical inhibition role in positronium formation when the graft yield was low. The results also indicated that the higher the degree of grafting was, the broader the free‐volume distribution was. The relationship between the microstructure and rheological behavior is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
993.
Branched polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was prepared through a self‐condensing vinyl copolymerization of acrylonitrile and 2‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy)ethyl acrylate (BPEA). The branched architecture of the product was confirmed by NMR spectra and the average degree of branching (DB ) was estimated. Through a comparison of the intrinsic viscosity of the product with that of its linear analogue, the contraction factor g′ was calculated. It was found that the viscosity of the branched PAN was obviously lower that that of linear PAN. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
994.
If a low weight percentage of crude fine fillers can improve properties of polymer materials directly without complicated chemical treatment process involved, it will be significant for many industrial applications. Our previous study indicated that a kind of Cancun natural sand could be an effective filler material for polymer composites. In this current work, the epoxy composites reinforced by this kind of natural sand particles were prepared and thermal and mechanical properties of the composites containing up to 5 wt % of the sand particles were characterized. Results showed that the highest flexural strength appears in the epoxy composite containing 1 wt % sand particles. A damage model was used to interpret the flexural properties, which showed an acceptable agreement with the experimental results. The glass transition temperature, high temperature storage modulus, and dimensional stability of the sand/epoxy composites monotonically increased with the addition of the sand particles. The sand particle/epoxy composites also displayed a noticeable enhancement in thermal conductivity. Theoretical analysis showed that in addition to conduction, other heat transport mechanisms played roles in the improved heat transmission through the composites. As a natural porous micron-scale material, Cancun sand has the potential for applications in cost-effective composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
995.
Peichun Li Amar Zerroukhi Jianding Chen Yvan Chalamet Thomas Jeanmaire Zhean Xia 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2008,110(6):3990-3998
Chemical shrinkage was used for the in situ measurement of the progressing chemical stabilization reactions and the influence of ozone during the stabilization of polyacrylonitrile. A method for evaluating the activation energy through the sensitivity temperature is presented. The calculated results show that the activation energies were 161.57 kJ/mol in air and 181.23 kJ/mol in ozone-enriched air. Therefore, the chemical reactions were postponed during stabilization in ozone-enriched air. Ozone seemed to act in three ways: first, ozone promoted the formation of the serious skin–core structure. Second, ozone accelerated the chemical reactions and shortened the stabilization time at lower heating rates. Third, ozone postponed the chemical reactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008 相似文献
996.
Degumming of hemp fiber by high temperature alkali cooking was investigated, and the effect of temperature and dosage of alkali on the constituents, structure, and thermal degradation of hemp fiber was also discussed in this work. The morphology, structure, and thermal degradation of hemp fiber after high temperature cooking were investigated through SEM, FTIR, WAXD, and TG analysis. The results indicated that the high temperature cooking process was effective for removing hemicelluloses and lignin and could also improve the thermal stability of cellulose. Crystallinity index of the treated hemp fiber was increased, which was related to the cooking temperature and NaOH dosage. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
997.
The phase structures and transition behaviors of a series of side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) polymethacrylates based on p-methoxyazobenzene (PMnAzs, n = 6, 8, 10, 12) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic experiments. The LC phase transition of PMnAz follows the sequence of smectic A (SmA) ? nematic (N) ? isotropic (I). For PM10Az and PM12Az, the transition of SmA-to-N is not complete upon heating. In the low-temperature SmA phase, the polymers adopt a fully interdigitated side-chain packing with the smectic layer period almost identical to the side-chain length. For all the four samples, the first-order diffraction of the SmA structure only renders when the temperature approaches the transition of SmA ? N, with the intensity much lower than that of the second-order diffraction. The absence of the first-order diffraction at low temperatures is ascribed to the possible matching of the electron densities between the center portion of the side-chain sublayer and the main-chain sublayer of the SmA structure. Since only the mesogens from the same main-chain sublayer can stack parallel together, the distribution of the azobenzene domains may cause some sort of density undulation within the smectic layer. Among the samples, PM6Az presents the strongest undulation with some additional orders. We also examined the annealing effect on the H-aggregation of PMnAzs. It is found that isothermal annealing at a temperature slightly higher than the Tg of PM8Az and PM10Az can significantly enhance the UV absorption at 326 nm, indicating a further development of H-aggregation. However, for PM6Az and PM12Az, the UV–vis spectrum of the annealed sample is nearly identical to that without annealing. 相似文献
998.
Reda Karoum Antonio de Lucas-Consuegra Fernando Dorado Jose Luis Valverde Alain Billard Philippe Vernoux 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(8):1083-1088
The electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) of propene combustion was investigated using Pt sputtered thin film on an
O2− conductor, 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized-ZrO2 (YSZ). In order to separate the influence of the thermal migration of the O2− oxide ions from the electrolyte to the catalyst surface and the impact of an electrical polarization on the catalytic activity,
several light-off experiments (cool down and heat up procedures) were successively performed under different polarizations,
i.e. OCV, +2 and −2 V. These experiments have clearly shown that the presence of O2− (thermally or electrochemically induced) inhibits the catalytic activity of the platinum for the propene deep oxidation.
These results demonstrate the importance to define a normalized rate enhancement ratio, ρ
n
, from a reference value of the catalytic rate corresponding to a Pt surface state free of O2− ions. 相似文献
999.
Habibeh Haddad Dabaghi Abdolmajid Bayandori Moghaddam Mahmood Kazemzad Rassoul Dinarvand Fezze Aryanasab Mohammad Reza Nabid 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(3):409-413
Electrochemical treatment processes can significantly contribute to the protection of the environment through the minimization
of waste and toxic materials in effluents. From a pharmaceutical point of view and due to the existing resemblance between
the electrochemical and biological reactions, it can be assumed that the oxidation mechanisms on the electrode and in the
body share similar principles. In this paper, the application of electrochemical studies in the design of an environmentally
friendly method was delineated for the new hydrocaffeic acid (HCA, 3,4-dihydroxy hydrocinnamic acid) derivatives synthesis
at carbon electrodes in an undivided cell. In this cell, the EC mechanism reaction was involved, comprising two steps alternatively;
(1) electrochemical oxidation and (2) chemical reaction. In particular, the electro-organic reactions of HCA, an important
biological molecule, were studied in a water–acetonitrile (90:10 v/v) mixture in the presence of benzenesulfinic acid (3) and p-toluenesulfinic acid (4). The research included the use of a variety of experimental techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential
electrolysis and product spectroscopic identification. 相似文献
1000.
Namsin Park Takeyuki Shiraishi Kazuyoshi Kamisugi Yoshitaka Hara Keita Iizuka Takashi Kado Shuzi Hayase 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(3):371-375
A direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC), which is less prone to ethanol crossover, is reported. The cell consists of PtRu/C catalyst as the anode, Nafion® 117 membrane, and Ni–Co–Fe (NCF) composite catalyst as the cathode. The NCF catalyst was synthesized by mixing Ni, Co, and Fe complexes into a polymer matrix (melamine-formaldehyde resins), followed by heating the mixture at 800 °C under inert atmosphere. TEM and EDX experiments suggest that the NCF catalyst has alloy structures of Ni, Co and Fe. The catalytic activity of the NCF catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was compared with that of commercially available Pt/C (CAP) catalyst at different ethanol concentrations. The decrease in open circuit voltage (Voc) of the DEFC equipped with the NCF catalysts was less than that of CAP catalyst at higher ethanol concentrations. The NCF catalyst was less prone to ethanol oxidation at cathode even when ethanol crossover occurred through the Nafion®117 film, which prevents voltage drop at the cathode. However, the CAP catalyst did oxidize ethanol at the cathode and caused a decrease in voltage at higher ethanol concentrations. 相似文献