The state of ADP or ATP fixed to the mitochondria by bongkrekate

The reported studies are intended to clarify the binding state of ADP fixed to mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate, and thus to discern between the affinity increase and reorientation mechanism proposed for the bongkrekate effect. (a) The composition of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool is not changed under the influence of bongkrekate with and without added nucleotides. (b) The added ADP and ATP fixed by bongkrekate can be identified as AMP, ADP and ATP in the same proportions as in the endogenous pool. (c) The bound nucleotides respond to oxidative phosphorylation or uncoupler stimulated dephosphorylation similar as endogenous nucleotides. It can be concluded that the ADP or ATP fixed under the influence of bongkrekate to the mitochondria are equilibrated with the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool and are active in intramitochondrial phosphate transfer reactions. The results disagree with the affinity increase mechanism but support the reorientation mechanism which postulates that ADP and ATP are trapped in the mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate in the same amount as there are carrier sites available outside before bongkrekate addition.     

Gun Propulsion Concepts. Part I: Fundamentals

Modern gun propulsion techniques are driven by the desire to increase muzzle kinetic energy as a means to enhance weapon lethality, reduce costs, increase reliability, and improve vulnerability. In recent years, a significant part of research and developmental activities has been focused not only on conventional solid-propellant and novel liquid-propellant gun propulsion techniques but also on advanced concepts, particularly those offering substantial performance increase. High performance can be achieved by pure electric systems(coil or rail gun) as well as by combining chemical propulsion either with gasdynamic principles (light gas gun or ram accelerator) or with electrothermal techniques (hybrid gun). Part I of this paper deals with the fundamentals of projectile acceleration techniques. The objective is to provide the basis for understanding gun technology and to lay the basis for assessing present and future developments.