A standardized method for CMOS unit process development

The multipurpose mask set described, which consists of three stepper reticles, contains 95% of all test structures required for CMOS process development and random defect detection, thereby dramatically reducing the stepper reticle inventory and the frequency of reticle changes. Realizing the mask set by two dozen standard unit processes minimizes the feedback loop for defect density data, parametric data and unit process data     

Initial Stages in the Metal-dusting Process on Alloy 800

The initial stages of the metal-dusting process on Alloy 800 at 620 °C were investigated by light optical microscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, atomic-force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission-electron microscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction. As it turned out the incubation period for metal-dusting is characterized by simultaneous formation of a heterogeneously growing oxide scale and deposition of carbon. The material surface shows different tarnish colors depending on the substrate-grain orientation with different susceptibility to the beginning of metal-dusting attack. “Low-index” grains were not attacked within the times investigated while the other grain orientations showed pitting. Carbon is evidently incorporated into the oxide scale from the very beginning of exposure with different intensities depending on the underlying substrate-grain orientation leading to differences in the tarnish colors. As a consequence carbides are formed even underneath “dense” oxide layers. Evidently metal-dusting attack starts at positions of the oxide scale where “higher carbon concentrations” are present.     

Ochratoxin A in pork kidneys--description of a method

A rapid procedure for the isolation and clean-up on a silica gel column is described for the determination of Ochratoxin A from pork kidneys. The detection limit is 0.3 microgram/kg.     

The radiotherapy of inoperable non-small-cell bronchial carcinoma. A retrospective analysis of 427 cases

BACKGROUND: The influence of tumor and patient characteristics on survival as well as acute normal tissue toxicity was retrospectively analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 427 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Two thirds received a total dose of at least 70 Gy, and one third was irradiated with 60 to 66 Gy (2.0 to 2.5 Gy per fraction; split-course technique). 92% had a Karnofsky performance index of > or = 80%. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and comparisons were made by the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were adjusted for by a proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Five-year survival rates (+/- SE) and the median survival times (95% confidence interval) were 2 +/- 2% and 11.1 months (9.1 ... 14.5) after 60 to 66 Gy; 8 +/- 2% and 14.9 months (13.3 ... 16.5) after 70+ Gy. The difference was significant in univariate (p = 0.0013) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.0006). Tumor stage (p = 0.0029: I + II > III; IIIA > IIIB) and gender (p = 0.0387: female > male patients) reached significance in multivariate analysis. Acute pneumonitis and esophagitis were observed in 11% and 9% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Inoperable non-small cell lung cancer stage I to IIIA should be treated in a curative intention with total doses of about 70 Gy. This is feasible with acceptable normal tissue toxicity. Stage IIIB patients have a particular bad prognosis and should only be treated palliatively.     

Solitary, central neurofibroma of the mandible: a case report

A case of Solitary Central Neurofibroma in a 53 years old female is reported. This is an apparently single primary lesion, in which physical and Radiological examination failed to reveal other bony lesions or the stigmata of multiple neurofribomatosis.     

与商业比肩而行

“许多美术行为都是与商业客户相结合的。以商业的视角看待作品更重视在整个概念部分是不是能够从设计的观点很忠实地传达出商业诉求，并引起更大共鸣”。[编者按]     

An Eigen-Analysis of Compact Antenna Arrays and Its Application to Port Decoupling

Placing the radiators of antenna arrays closer than aggravates the problem of power mismatch. Based on efficiency considerations, a general analysis of this effect is presented, putting forward a simple tool to quantify, compare, and optimize the performance of antenna arrays. This analysis is not restricted with respect to the number of radiators or the degree of compactness. In order to improve power matching, a systematic approach for the design of lossless decoupling and matching networks based on 180 directional couplers is suggested for up to eight radiators. Implications of network losses, which have not yet received appropriate attention by researchers in the past, will be analyzed and discussed by means of a manufactured three-element prototype array.     

Complex system reliability modelling with Dynamic Object Oriented Bayesian Networks (DOOBN)

Nowadays, the complex manufacturing processes have to be dynamically modelled and controlled to optimise the diagnosis and the maintenance policies. This article presents a methodology that will help developing Dynamic Object Oriented Bayesian Networks (DOOBNs) to formalise such complex dynamic models. The goal is to have a general reliability evaluation of a manufacturing process, from its implementation to its operating phase. The added value of this formalisation methodology consists in using the a priori knowledge of both the system's functioning and malfunctioning. Networks are built on principles of adaptability and integrate uncertainties on the relationships between causes and effects. Thus, the purpose is to evaluate, in terms of reliability, the impact of several decisions on the maintenance of the system. This methodology has been tested, in an industrial context, to model the reliability of a water (immersion) heater system.     

Specific consumption of liquid biofuels in gasoline fuelled engines

Oxygenated fuels increase fuel consumption due to their low enthalpy of combustion; however, their high antiknock index renders them suitable for use in engines with a high compression rate, increasing their thermal yield. This study evaluated the performance of biorenewable oxygenated fuels (ethanol and isoamyl alcohol) and partially renewable fuels (ETBE: ethyl tert-butyl ether, TAEE: tert-amyl ethyl ether and di-TAE: di-tert-amyl ether) with high degree of purity and in mixtures with automotive gasoline, based on tests with Otto cycle engines. Among the oxygenated fuels evaluated here, di-TAE was found to present the best characteristics of performance, both individually and in mixtures with gasoline.