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61.
The electrical properties of ceramic BaTiO3 were investigated by ac impedance spectroscopy over the ranges 25°-330°C and 0.03 Hz-1 MHz. Results are compared with those obtained from fixed-frequency measurements, at 1 kHz and 100 kHz. Fixed-frequency Curie-Weiss plots show deviations from linearity at temperatures well above t c . The ac measurements show that grain boundary impedances influence Curie-Weiss plots in two ways: at high temperatures, they increasingly dominate the fixed-frequency permittivities; at lower temperatures, closer to T c , the high-frequency permittivity contains a contribution from grain boundary effects. Methods for extraction of bulk and grain boundary capacitances from permittivity and electric modulus complex plane plots are discussed. The importance of selecting the appropriate equivalent circuit to model the impedance response is stressed. A constriction impedance model for the grain boundary in BaTiO3 ceramics is proposed: the grain boundary capacitance is neither temperature-independent, nor shows Curie-Weiss behavior. The grain boundary is ferroelectric, similar to the grains, but its impedance is modified by either air gaps or high-impedance electrical inhomogeneity in the region of the necks between grains; the activation energy of the constriction grain boundary impedance differs from that of the bulk, suggesting differences in defect states or impurity levels. 相似文献
62.
"Reactive-templated grain growth" (RTGG) processing of Bi1/2 Na1/2 TiO3 (BNT)-based ceramics is reported. Molten salt synthesis was used to prepare platelike (∼0.2 μm × 5 μm × 5 μm) Ruddlesden–Popper (Sr3 Ti2 O7 (ST)) and Aurivillius (BaBi2 Nb2 O9 (BBN)) phases which were used as "templates" in studies of RTGG with BNT-based matrixes. A "citrate-gel" route was designed to produce intimately mixed, fine-grain matrixes for these studies. The analytical techniques used were powder X-ray diffraction and microstructural examination of dry-pressed and fired compacts. For mixtures templated with BBN, single-phase perovskite readily formed, and an initially heterogeneous microstructure evolved toward a dense assemblage of anisometric, micrometer-scale grains. Perovskite formation was more sluggish in the mixtures templated with ST, and the final sintered microstructure featured larger, porous grains in an equiaxed, micrometer-scale matrix. A qualitative model, which examined the excess constituents in the matrix after formation of stoichiometric ABO3 perovskite, is proposed to explain the observations. The model predicted an excess of Na2 O and TiO2 in the matrix in the case of BBN templates and only excess TiO2 in the case of ST templates. The results indicate that careful examination of matrix and template chemistry could be important in the selection of systems for RTGG processing. 相似文献
63.
针对准噶尔盆地西部隆起乌夏断裂带的碳酸氢钠岩层安全钻进问题,开展了碳酸氢钠岩层钻井液体系的研究。由室内研究结果得到,用42%复合盐水溶液作基液配制钻井液,可以抑制碳酸氢钠岩层的溶解,提高钻井液抗CO32-和HCO3-离子污染的能力。性能评价结果表明,该钻井液抗CO32-和HCO3-离子的总浓度在100 000 mg/L以上;该钻井液具有较强的抑制性能和较好的润滑性能,可以抗5%NaCl、5%劣质土或1%Ca2+的污染;膨润土块在该钻井液中热滚后的一次回收率达94.76%,二次回收率达85.28%,配方在不加润滑剂情况下的极压润滑系数为0.168,摩阻系数为0.083 9。指出,现场需根据实际情况适时调整复合盐中各种盐的比例以及复合盐的加量,保证Cl-离子含量不低于160 000 mg/L,将钻井液的pH值控制在9以上,及时补充各处理剂的量。 相似文献
64.
James W. Rosner Alfred E. Thal Jr. Christopher J. West 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,135(8):710-717
The design-build (DB) method for construction project delivery continues to grow in both the private and public sector; additionally, research has shown that the DB method outperforms the design-bid-build (DBB) method. The Air Force has applied the results of these previous research efforts to its military construction (MILCON) program without performing empirical studies to validate the approach. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the performance of the DB delivery method with the traditional DBB approach for the Air Force MILCON program. Data related to 835 (278 DB and 557 DBB) MILCON projects for fiscal years 1996–2006 were subsequently analyzed. The DB method had better performance in three of six metrics with the performance being significantly better for cost growth and the number of modifications per million dollars. The traditional DBB method performed significantly better in terms of total project time. Furthermore, the DB method was best suited for various facility types. This study provides empirical evidence of how the DB method provides an advantage over the traditional DBB method for Air Force MILCON projects. 相似文献
65.
66.
Kim Karen Hye-cheon; Bursac Zoran; DiLillo Vicki; White Della Brown; West Delia Smith 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,28(1):131
Objective: Stress has been identified as a significant factor in health and in racial/ethnic health disparities. A potential mediator in these relationships is body weight. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between stress, race, and body weight were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of overweight and obese women with Type 2 diabetes (n = 217) enrolled in a behavioral weight loss program. Main Outcome Measures: Stress (Perceived Stress Scale) was assessed at baseline only and body weight (body mass index) was assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: Stress was not related to baseline body weight. With every 1 unit lower scored on the baseline stress measure, women lost 0.10 kg ± .04 more at 6 months (p 相似文献
67.
Rachel E. Brimelow Nicholas P. West Lauren T. Williams Allan W. Cripps 《Critical reviews in food science and nutrition》2017,57(8):1593-1602
Obesity is a strong predictive factor in the development of chronic disease and has now superseded undernutrition as a major public health issue. Chronic inflammation is one mechanism thought to link excess body weight with disease. Increasingly, the gut and its extensive population of commensal microflora are recognized as playing an important role in the development of obesity-related chronic inflammation. Obesity and a high fat diet are associated with altered commensal microbial communities and increased intestinal permeability which contributes to systemic inflammation as a result of the translocation of lipopolysaccharide into the circulation and metabolic endotoxemia. Various milk proteins are showing promise in the prevention and treatment of obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation via reductions in visceral fat, neutralization of bacteria at the mucosa and reduced intestinal permeability. In this review, we focus on evidence supporting the potential antiobesogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of bovine whey-derived lactoferrin and immunoglobulins. 相似文献
68.
Michael H. Butterworth Mikhail A. Semenov Andrew Barnes Dominic Moran Jonathan S. West Bruce D. L. Fitt 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2010,7(42):123-130
Effects of climate change on productivity of agricultural crops in relation to diseases that attack them are difficult to predict because they are complex and nonlinear. To investigate these crop–disease–climate interactions, UKCIP02 scenarios predicting UK temperature and rainfall under high- and low-CO2 emission scenarios for the 2020s and 2050s were combined with a crop-simulation model predicting yield of fungicide-treated winter oilseed rape and with a weather-based regression model predicting severity of phoma stem canker epidemics. The combination of climate scenarios and crop model predicted that climate change will increase yield of fungicide-treated oilseed rape crops in Scotland by up to 0.5 t ha−1 (15%). In contrast, in southern England the combination of climate scenarios, crop, disease and yield loss models predicted that climate change will increase yield losses from phoma stem canker epidemics to up to 50 per cent (1.5 t ha−1) and greatly decrease yield of untreated winter oilseed rape. The size of losses is predicted to be greater for winter oilseed rape cultivars that are susceptible than for those that are resistant to the phoma stem canker pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Such predictions illustrate the unexpected, contrasting impacts of aspects of climate change on crop–disease interactions in agricultural systems in different regions. 相似文献
69.
Detailed analysis of the relationship between the experimental geometry and the holographic contrast in photorefractive polymers is important for applications, such as angle multiplexing in holographic data storage. In this paper the field dependent photogeneration efficiency is introduced into the complete reorientational model to provide a full account of the electric field and geometrical dependence of the index contrast. The interaction of a local grating and the photorefractive grating is also considered. A simplification for acute angles between writing beams is described. Experimental verification by use of four-wave mixing and transmission ellipsometry reveals an excellent agreement between theory and measurement. 相似文献
70.
Helen Shipton Doris Fay Michael West Malcolm Patterson Kamal Birdi 《Creativity & Innovation Management》2005,14(2):118-128
There is growing evidence available to suggest that Human Resource Management (HRM) practice is an important predictor of organizational performance. Drawing upon organizational learning perspectives, we argue that HRM systems also have the potential to promote organizational innovation. We present longitudinal data from thirty‐five UK manufacturing organizations to suggest that effective HRM systems – incorporating sophisticated approaches to recruitment and selection, induction, appraisal and training – predict organizational innovation in products and production technology. We further show that organizational innovation is enhanced where there is a supportive learning climate, and inhibited (for innovation in production processes) where there is a link between appraisal and remuneration. 相似文献