Anwendungsorientierung im Informatikstudium

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Oxidation of Silicon Carbide Fibers During Static Fatigue in Air at Intermediate Temperatures

The static fatigue of SiC-based fiber bundles and single fibers has been examined in previous papers, with emphasis placed on the analysis of the stress–rupture time data, and on the modelling of delayed failure from slow crack growth. The present paper investigates the oxidation of the fibers during static fatigue, at temperatures in the intermediate temperature range (500°–800°C). Two oxidation-induced phenomena have been evidenced: the formation of a thin silica film at the surface of fibers and the delayed failure of fiber bundles and single filaments. The stress–rupture time data are interpreted with respect to the chemical and structural characteristics of fibers, and to the oxide film growth rate. The structural analysis of the fibers was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Delayed failure was found to result from slow crack propagation from surface defects, as a result of the consumption of the free carbon at grain boundaries and the local stresses induced by the SiC→SiO₂ transformation at the crack tip. The respective contributions of these phenomena to static fatigue are discussed.     

Sustainability evaluation of decentralized electricity generation

Decentralized power generation is gaining significance in liberalized electricity markets. An increasing decentralization of power supply is expected to make a particular contribution to climate protection. This article investigates the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized electricity generation according to the overall concept of sustainable development. On the basis of a hierarchically structured set of sustainability criteria, four future scenarios for Germany are assessed, all of which describe different concepts of electricity supply in the context of the corresponding social and economic developments. The scenarios are developed in an explorative way according to the scenario method and the sustainability criteria are established by a discursive method with societal actors. The evaluation is carried out by scientific experts. By applying an expanded analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multicriteria evaluation is conducted that identifies dissent among the experts. The results demonstrate that decentralized electricity generation can contribute to climate protection. The extent to which it simultaneously guarantees security of supply is still a matter of controversy. However, experts agree that technical and economic boundary conditions are of major importance in this field. In the final section, the article discusses the method employed here as well as implications for future decentralized energy supply.     

A survey of current clinical practice of permanent prostate brachytherapy in the United States

PURPOSE: To help establish standards of care for transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy (TIPPB) by obtaining data regarding current clinical practice among the most experienced TIPPB brachytherapists in the United States. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The 70 brachytherapists who performed the greatest number of TIPPB cases in 1995 in the U.S. were surveyed. Each received a comprehensive four page questionnaire that included sections on training and experience, patient and isotope selection criteria, manpower, technique, and follow-up. Thirty-five (50%) surveys were ultimately returned after three mailings and follow-up phone calls. The cumulative experience of the 35 respondents represented approximately 45% of the total TIPPB volume in the U.S. for 1995. Respondents included 29 from the private sector and six from academic programs. RESULTS: The median physician experience with TIPPB was reported as 4.9 years. Each performed an average of 73 TIPPB procedures in 1995 (range 40-300). This represented an increase in volume for most (74%) of the respondents. Sixty-three percent of the respondents attended a formal training course, 54% had TIPPB-specific residency training, and 31% had been proctored (16 had received two or more types of training experience). The most commonly reported selection criteria for implant alone was on Gleason score < or = 7, PSA < 15, < or = Stage T2a, and gland size < or = 60 cc, although no clear consensus was found. Fifty-four percent considered a history of TURP to be a relative contraindication, while 34% considered TURP to have no impact on patient selection. Eighty-six percent of respondents combine brachytherapy with external beam radiation in an average of 32% of their patients. Boosts were given with both 125I prescribed to 120 Gy (75%) or 103Pd to 90 Gy (50%). Sixty percent reported using a Mick applicator, 46% prefer using preloaded needles, and (11%) use both techniques. Real-time imaging was usually performed with ultrasound (94%); most included fluoroscopy (60%). Definitions of PSA control varied widely. CONCLUSIONS: TIPPB clinical practice in the U.S. demonstrates similarities in technique, but differences in patient selection and definitions of biochemical control. It is, therefore, incumbent on those beginning TIPPB programs to carefully review the specific practice details of those institutions with a broad experience.     

The TTA's Approach to Resilience after Transient Upsets

The Time-Triggered Architecture, as architecture for safety-critical real-time applications, incorporates fault-tolerance mechanisms to ensure correct system operation despite failures. The primary fault hypothesis of the TTA claims to tolerate either the arbitrary failure of any one of its nodes or the passively arbitrary failure of any one of its communication channels. To cover these failure modes, active redundancy techniques are used, which basically means that nodes and channels are physically replicated. The primary fault hypothesis, is, however, not strong enough for certain applications that have to tolerate transient upsets of multiple, possibly all, components in the system. Such a transient upset of the system may break up the synchrony of the nodes and leave disjoined sets of nodes synchronized to each other while the overall synchronization is lost. Although the TTA provides a clique avoidance algorithm that is able to correct a wide class of such multiple transient failures, a stronger algorithm is needed for full coverage. In this paper we discuss a secondary fault hypothesis for the TTA that addresses the transient upset of multiple components and present a new clique resolving algorithm based on the TTA's integrated diagnosis and startup service. This paper is a revised version of Steiner et al. (2003). This work has been funded by the European Project DECOS (Project number: IST-511764). Michael Paulitsch is currently affiliated with Honeywell International.     

Noise power measurements and measurement uncertainties

In RF metrology, noise power measurements consist of intercomparisons between the output noise powers of unknown noise sources and noise standards. With respect to the traceability of the assigned values of noise power, the estimation of uncertainties of measurement plays a decisive role. The evaluation of uncertainties is discussed in relation to the appropriate recommendations of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) and respective guidelines of the Western European Calibration Cooperation (WECC). The authors give specific advice for the treatment of measurement uncertainties in the RF noise power measuring field in order to make the information more readily applicable     

Statisches und dynamisches Werkzeugverhalten beim Innenrundschleifen mit axial vorgespannten Werkzeugen

Zusammenfassung Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten theoretischen Betrachtungen zum statischen und dynamischen Werkzeugverhalten beim Innenrundschleifen langer Bohrungen nach dem ILB-Verfahren haben wichtige Hinweise für das Proze?verhalten ergeben. Durch geeignete Modellbildung kann hiermit der Einflu? unterschiedlicher Werkzeugspezifikationen sowohl auf die statische Nachgiebigkeit der Werkzeuge und damit letztendlich auf den L?ngsformfehler am Bauteil als auch auf das dynamische Verhalten, insbesondere das Auftreten kritischer Resonanzfrequenzen, vorherbestimmt werden. Die analytischen Berechnungen konnten durch praktische Untersuchungen verfiziert werden. Durchgeführte Schleifversuche haben die Eignung des ILB-Verfahrens als Alternative zur konventionellen Innenrundbearbeitung langer Bohrungen in keramischen Bauteilen best?tigt. Zukünftige Untersuchungen am IFW werden sich auch mit dem Innenrundschleifen langer Bohrungen in Bauteilen aus Hartmetall und geh?rtetem Stahl befassen. Dipl.-Ing.W. Buchholz und Dipl.-Ing.U. Wasmann, wissenschafliche Mitarbeiter des IFW.     

Beyond imprisonment of meaning: Technology facilitating redefining

Defining is a natural and necessary response to an ambiguous world, but causes fixation of categories and perspectives. On the basis of two earlier studies of project groups, we came to argue that redefining, and hence constructing various ways in which one perceives and understands something, enables groups to overcome imprisonment in meaning, establishing continuous development and flexibility. In this article, we first build a rationale for facilitating a process of redefining, to be taken into account when designing technology. Departing from this rationale, we discuss features of groupware technology that permit change by being flexible, and evoke redefining by engaging the user more actively. In so doing, we argue to think along new lines in the design of communication and collaboration technology. This paper proposes a specific perspective on technology, facilitating groups to engage in a productive, creative fashion of exploiting meaning potential.