用时域反射仪对先进BGA封装中供封装故障隔离

集成电路封装技术变得越来越复杂，其制造的故障分析（FA）十分复杂。介绍了用时域反射仪对先进封装中的故障隔离技术，这种尝试是通过比较法进行研究的。通过在球栅阵列倒装一芯片（fcBGA）和低外形细节距球栅阵列堆叠芯片（stacked—die LFBGA）封装中采用时域反射仪并在分析中卓越的实施证明了这种方法是可行的，其中包括信号质量改善以及范围选择。并使用软件模拟来观测在各种故障模式下的时域反射仪信号，以便以不同的故障模式研究时域反射仪性能。得到的观测结果有助于在封装中用时域反射仪进行故障分析隔离．     

Enabling structural summaries for efficient update and workload adaptation

To facilitate queries over semi-structured data, various structural summaries have been proposed. Structural summaries are derived directly from data and serve as the indexes for evaluating path expressions. We introduce D(k)-index, an adaptive structural summary, for general graph-structured data. Building on previous 1-index and A(k)-index, D(k)-index is also based on the concept of bisimilarity. However, as a generalization of 1-index and A(k)-index, D(k)-index possesses the adaptive ability to adjust its structure to changes in query load. It also enables efficient update algorithms, which are crucial to real applications but have not been adequately addressed in previous literatures. Our experiments show that D(k)-index is a more effective structural summary than previous static ones as a result of its query load sensitivity. In addition, the update operations on it can be performed more efficient than on its predecessors.     

High-resolution crystal structures of delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase with and without a reaction intermediate analogue

Bacterial Delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) catalyzes a stereospecific isomerization of steroid substrates at an extremely fast rate, overcoming a large disparity of pKa values between a catalytic residue and its target. The crystal structures of KSI from Pseudomonas putida and of the enzyme in complex with equilenin, an analogue of the reaction intermediate, have been determined at 1.9 and 2.5 A resolution, respectively. The structures reveal that the side chains of Tyr14 and Asp99 (a newly identified catalytic residue) form hydrogen bonds directly with the oxyanion of the bound inhibitor in a completely apolar milieu of the active site. No water molecule is found at the active site, and the access of bulk solvent is blocked by a layer of apolar residues. Asp99 is surrounded by six apolar residues, and consequently, its pKa appears to be elevated as high as 9.5 to be consistent with early studies. No interaction was found between the bound inhibitor and the residue 101 (phenylalanine in Pseudomonas testosteroni and methionine in P. putida KSI) which was suggested to contribute significantly to the rate enhancement based on mutational analysis. This observation excludes the residue 101 as a potential catalytic residue and requires that the rate enhancement should be explained solely by Tyr14 and Asp99. Kinetic analyses of Y14F and D99L mutant enzymes demonstrate that Tyr14 contributes much more significantly to the rate enhancement than Asp99. Previous studies and the structural analysis strongly suggest that the low-barrier hydrogen bond of Tyr14 (>7.1 kcal/mol), along with a moderate strength hydrogen bond of Asp99 ( approximately 4 kcal/mol), accounts for the required energy of 11 kcal/mol for the transition-state stabilization.     

Thermal pressure coefficient of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐reinforced epoxy resin

The thermal pressure coefficients of a neat, unfilled, epoxy resin and a 10 wt % POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane)‐filled epoxy nanocomposite have been measured using a thick‐walled tube method. It is found that just below the glass transition temperature the thermal pressure coefficient is ～ 20% smaller for the polymer composite containing 10% POSS than for the neat, unfilled resin. The thermal expansion coefficient and thermal pressure coefficient of the uncured POSS itself are also reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by sulfurizing electroplated precursors

Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films were prepared by sulfurizing precursors deposited by electroplating. The precursors (Cu/Sn/Zn stacked layers) were deposited by electroplating sequentially onto Mo-coated glass substrates. Aqueous solutions containing copper sulfate for Cu plating, tin sulfate for Sn plating and zinc sulfate for Zn plating were used as the electrolytes. The precursors were sulfurized by annealing with sulfur at temperatures of 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C in an N₂ gas atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction peaks attributable to CZTS were detected in thin films sulfurized at temperatures above 400 °C. A photovoltaic cell using a CZTS thin film produced by sulfurizing an electroplated Sn-rich precursor at 600 °C exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 262 mV, a short-circuit current of 9.85 mA/cm² and an efficiency of 0.98%.     

消泡剂、增稠剂和有机硅添加剂

1消泡剂对涂料来说，起泡总是要不得的。起泡的问题在涂料制造过程本身中就是存在的。起泡使投料量不得不降低，设备有效利用率不得不减少。但起泡的问题更多地发生在施工过程中，使漆膜出现种种弊病。而且，起泡造成的不仅仅限于对视觉的干扰，还会使涂层的保护功能难以正常发挥。于是，在涂料配方中，消泡剂就是一个不可缺少的组成成分几乎所有的涂料体系的组成成分都会对起泡现象发生影响，有的影响是正面的，有的是反面的。此外，基材性质和施工方法对起泡的表现也是有影响的。必须认识到，消泡在很大程度上是一个有着极强针对性的问题…     

Diabetes and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS): radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction is necessary for accurate detection of low percentages of mutation

A 6-yr-old boy presented with muscle weakness, lactic acidemia, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Using PCR and restriction enzyme analysis, he was found to have the classical A3248G mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation frequently associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). The mutation was confirmed by sequencing muscle mtDNA. The mutation in mtDNA from muscle, lymphoblasts, and blood was clearly demonstrable by standard methods using ethidium bromide staining. His mother also had IDDM, but no A3243G mutation could be detected in her blood or transformed lymphoblasts using the same PCR technique. When PCR was carried out in the presence of [32P]deoxycytidine triphosphate, subsequent autoradiography detected the presence of the mutation at low levels in mtDNA from the mother's lymphoblasts and blood. Study of the mother's muscle showed a mitochondrial myopathy, despite the fact that she was asymptomatic. We emphasize that the increased sensitivity of radiolabeled PCR may be necessary to detect small percentages of heteroplasmic A3243G mtDNA mutation in blood from diabetic subjects. Otherwise the incidence of mtDNA mutations in both IDDM and non-insulin dependent diabetes may be underestimated.