ETR Ⅱ-30调速器液压控制系统

ETRⅠ-30调速器是瑞士爱舍维斯工厂生产的具有PID调节规律的电液调速器。本文对其液压控制系统作了较详细的介绍,供有关人员参考。     

Application of evolutionary programming to transient andsubtransient parameter estimation

This paper presents an artificial intelligence approach of using evolutionary programming to estimate the transient and subtransient parameters of a generator under normal operation. The estimation using evolutionary programming is compared with that using a corrected extended Kalman filter. The comparisons with both simulation and micromachine test results show that evolutionary programming is robust to search the real values of parameters even when the data are highly contaminated by noise, while with the extended Kalman filter, the estimation tends to diverge with such data     

Effect of type of processing on the microstructural features and mechanical properties of Al-Cu/SiC metal matrix composites

In this study, an aluminum based metallic matrix (Al-2wt.% Cu) was reinforced with SiC particulates using a conventional casting technique and a new disintegrated melt deposition technique. Microstructural characterization studies conducted on the samples taken from disintegrated melt deposition technique revealed a more uniform distribution of SiC particulates and good interfacial integrity between SiC particulates and metallic matrix when compared to the conventionally cast composite samples. Results of ambient temperature mechanical tests demonstrate an increase in 0.2% YS and ultimate tensile strength of samples taken from disintegrated melt deposition technique when compared with the unreinforced and conventionally cast composite samples. The results of microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were finally rationalized in terms of the nature of processing technique employed to reinforce Al-2wt.% Cu metallic matrix with SiC particulates.     

Random switching techniques for inverter control

New techniques which dramatically reduce acoustic noise by randomising the inverter switching frequency for inverter control are presented. It is shown that the proposed techniques combine the advantages of conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques based on regular-sampling techniques and random PWM techniques     

Process development and adhesion behavior of electroless copper on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) for electronic packaging application

Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) has potentially a very wide application as substrate material in electronic packaging applications because of its unique advantages. The work in this paper was performed to realize the metallization of LCP for the purpose of board fabrication, and to study the adhesion between deposited copper and LCP. A homogenous electroless plated copper layer on LCP with 4 to 5 /spl mu/m thickness was achieved, while it increased up to 40 /spl mu/m with the subsequent electroplating. The timescale of etching, deposit ion rate, and pH value were gradually changing during the plating process and the influences on copper layer quality were investigated. The adhesion force of the copper-LCP layer system was measured by a shear-off-method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to check the surface morphology after etching and the interface after shearing on both the backside of the copper layer and the LCP side. The relationship between the shear-off adhesion of copper and the time of chemical etching before plating was examined, and the optimal etching time is discussed. Heat treatment after plating was used, and it was shown that this significantly improved the adhesion strength.     

Tramadol, M1 metabolite and enantiomer affinities for cloned human opioid receptors expressed in transfected HN9.10 neuroblastoma cells

Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic in widespread clinical use. Despite different degrees of opioid-like characteristics in preclinical tests, it is characterized by lack of full naloxone reversibility or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in humans. To investigate this apparent discrepancy, the present study measured the affinity of tramadol (and its enantiomers) and an active O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) (and its enantiomers) to cloned human opioid receptors of the mu, delta and kappa type stably expressed in HN9.10 neuroblastoma cells. At mu sites, the Ki values for tramadol, its (+) and (-) enantiomers, M1, and its (+) and (-) enantiomers were 17000, 15700, 28800, 3190, 153 and 9680 nM, respectively, compared to 7.1 nM for morphine. These results are consistent with the suggestion of a non-opioid contribution to the clinical profile of tramadol.