Seeking the truth about ad hoc join costs

In this paper, we re-examine the results of prior work on methods for computing ad hoc joins. We develop a detailed cost model for predicting join algorithm performance, and we use the model to develop cost formulas for the major ad hoc join methods found in the relational database literature. We show that various pieces of “common wisdom” about join algorithm performance fail to hold up when analyzed carefully, and we use our detailed cost model to derive op timal buffer allocation schemes for each of the join methods examined here. We show that optimizing their buffer allocations can lead to large performance improvements, e.g., as much as a 400% improvement in some cases. We also validate our cost model's predictions by measuring an actual implementation of each join algorithm considered. The results of this work should be directly useful to implementors of relational query optimizers and query processing systems. Edited by M. Adiba. Received May 1993 / Accepted April 1996     

An efficient method of FIR filtering based on impulse responserounding

A new method of implementing efficient FIR filters is presented. It involves approximation of an equiripple FIR by a rounding operation and application of the derived impulse response by a simple recursive equation. The technique is extremely efficient for lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop filters with sharp transitions and low edge frequencies     

Electrophysiological and Fos immunohistochemical evidence for the excitatory nature of the parafascicular projection to the globus pallidus

Extracellular recordings and immunohistological detection of c-Fos-like immunoreactive proteins were used to determine the synaptic effect of the parafascicular projection to the globus pallidus. Electrical stimulation of the parafascicular neurons induced a single-spike excitatory response with a stable latency of 2.3 ms, suggesting a monosynaptically driven effect. Pharmacological stimulation of the parafascicular nucleus with carbachol increased tonically the pallidal discharge rate by 142%. The discharge rate of the pallidal neurons was described by 37% in parafascicular-lesioned rats. These results demonstrate the excitatory nature and the tonic action of the parafasciculopallidal projection. Carbachol activation of parafascicular neurons also induced the synthesis of c-Fos-like immunoreactive proteins in the pallidal neurons. Control experiments in subthalamic-lesioned rats showed that the parafascicular excitation of the pallidal neurons remained, but both electrophysiological and expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactive proteins were attenuated. This suggests that the direct parafascicular excitation of the pallidal neurons is indirectly reinforced by the previously described parafascicular excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus. Conversely, the effect of this last input to the subthalamic nucleus is dramatically enhanced in rats with pallidal lesion. Our results demonstrate the complex role of the parafascicular nucleus in activating both the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus, two closely related structures. These results illustrate the integrative capacities of the globus pallidus, whose activity is modulated by multiple afferents.     

Laboratory studies in cross-species lung transplantation

The lack of sufficient suitable human donor lungs for the many patients requiring pulmonary transplantation as life-saving therapy for end-stage lung diseases has generated extensive interest in cross-species lung transplantation. Ethical concerns and those of animal rights advocates have prompted studies of nonprimate species as potential solid organ donors for humans. This paper provides an overview of some of the laboratory studies of cross-species pulmonary transplantation performed over the past 20 years and focuses, in particular, on more recent work (from our laboratory and others) in the area of porcine-to-primate pulmonary xenotransplantation.     

Possibilities and limits of extracranial vascular diagnosis with conventional echography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of terazosin, an alpha-blocker, for the treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty couples with infertility whose only detectable abnormality was male idiopathic subfertility entered the study. The diagnosis of idiopathic subfertility in all males studied, aged 26 to 38 years (mean 28.2 years), was confirmed after exclusion of any iatrogenic, systemic, congenital, infectious, autoimmune or endocrinological cause. In order to start with a baseline value before the study, at least three semen samples were evaluated in accordance with the WHO recommendation. Before initiation of treatment, blood samples were drawn for measurement of FSH, LH, testosterone, prolactin, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol. Fifteen randomly selected patients (Group A) received 2 mg/d of alpha-blocker (terazosin), while another 15 (Group B) were administered an identically packed placebo tablet. Both groups received therapy for 6 months. RESULTS: The mean seminal volume changed insignificantly between the two groups (4.15 +/- 1.95 vs. 4.10 +/- 1.95). There was a statistically significant increase of the sperm concentration in patients who received the alpha-blocker compared to those receiving placebo (24.76 +/- 9.45 vs. 13.15 +/- 11.55 millions/mL; P < .001). No improvement of the mean percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was observed in the treated patients, nor a statistically significant difference of sperm motility in the treated group compared to the placebo group. Side effects were not observed in the patients receiving terazosin treatment, or were so minimal that therapy was continued. The pregnancy rates did not differ between the two groups to a statistically significant degree. CONCLUSION: The administration of terazosin to patients with idiopathic oligozoospermia has a demonstrably positive effect, especially on sperm concentration.     

Phototherapy and lithium prophylaxis

A random sample of patients (n = 43) had been investigated to detect any difference in response of bright light therapy in lithium-treated inpatients (n = 18) suffering from depression. Only 27% of the lithium-based inpatients respond to bright light therapy, but 73% of patients respond who were not treated with lithium. We conclude that lithium therapy reduces the chance of achieving t remission of depression by bright light therapy.     

The arterioportal fistula syndrome: clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and therapy

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Arterioportal fistulas (APFs) are rare vascular disorders of the mesenteric circulation. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology, anatomical location, and main symptom at presentation of APFs, and analyze the various modes of treatment. METHODS: The etiology, clinical presentation, radiographs, and treatment of 12 patients with APFs are reported in detail, and another 76 cases published since 1980 are reviewed. RESULTS: APFs result from trauma (n = 25, 28%), iatrogenic procedures (n = 14, 16%), congenital vascular malformations (n = 13, 15%), tumor (n = 13, 15%), aneurysm (n = 12, 14%), and other causes (n = 11, 12%). The origin of APFs is the hepatic artery in the majority of patients (n = 56, 65%). The main symptoms at presentation are lower or upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 29, 33%), ascites (n = 23, 26%), heart failure (n = 4.5%), or diarrhea (n = 4.5%). Radiological intervention provides definitive treatment in 42% (n = 33) of patients, whereas the remainder are treated by surgery alone (n = 27, 31%) or a combination of radiological intervention and surgery (n = 8, 9%). CONCLUSIONS: APFs result in a protean syndrome variously combining portal hypertension and other hemodynamic imbalances (heart failure, intestinal ischemia). Single or multiple interventional radiological procedures using arterial and/or venous approaches allow definitive treatment of most APFs. With increasing technological advances, it is anticipated that surgery will only be indicated in rare instances after failure of radiological intervention(s).     

Method for preventing delay ambiguity

A detection error mechanism termed delay ambiguity is identified as one of the main causes of the irreducible bit error rate observed for data detection over fast fading communication channels. A periodic sequence of phase rotations applied to the phase shift keyed (PSK) transmit data symbols is proposed to prevent this type of detection error