Neue Regelungen für den Grund‐ und Tunnelbau im Bundesfernstraßenbereich – Teil I: Grundbau

New guidelines for foundation engineering and tunnel engineering in the field of German Federal Highways, part I – foundation engineering. Further development of construction methods as well as publication of new national and international standards and guidelines required an extensive revision of existing guidelines for foundation engineering and tunnel engineering in the field of German Federal Highways. Currently the revised additional technical terms of contract and guidelines for foundation engineering, ZTV‐ING Part 2, are presented. The presentation will be continued with the revised additional technical terms of contract and guidelines for tunnel engineering in the following edition.     

A comparison of indentations of different size and geometry in single-quasicrystalline AIPdMn

The study compares impressions into one and the same single-quasicrystalline Al₇₀Pd₂₀Mn₁₀ sample (surface of fivefold symmetry) that were performed by spherical and pointed indenters (Vickers- and corner-of-a-cube-geometry) and investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Meyer hardness number was found to vary with indentation size in a manner similar to materials that work harden, though this behavior must have a different physical origin: for spherical indentations the hardness number slightly increases with increasing load (Meyer hardness evolution), whereas for pyramid-shaped indenters a considerable hardness increase in case of decreasing load can be stated. Spherical indentations show little piling-up only in contrast to pointed indentations where huge elevations surrounding the indent developed. Different degrees of lateral cracking can account for this observation. In case of Vickers indentations the material breaks into segments which display mutual shearing. Distinct differences can also be noticed with respect to the volume balance between the apparent piled-up volume around the impression and the volume of the displaced material. This balance proves positive for pyramidal and negative for spherical impressions.     

Analysis of lateral DMOS power devices under ESD stress conditions

The physical mechanisms specific for 40 V LDMOS power transistors under ESD stress (gate grounded/coupled) are investigated in detail by transmission line pulse (TLP) measurements, human body model (HBM) testing, emission microscopy (EMMI) experiments, and two-dimensional (2-D) device simulations. Inhomogeneous triggering caused by device topology as well as the sustained nonhomogeneous current flow due to the unusual electrical behavior are accurately analyzed in single- and multi-finger devices     

Introducing the GASP scale: A new measure of guilt and shame proneness.

Although scholars agree that moral emotions are critical for deterring unethical and antisocial behavior, there is disagreement about how 2 prototypical moral emotions—guilt and shame—should be defined, differentiated, and measured. We addressed these issues by developing a new assessment—the Guilt and Shame Proneness scale (GASP)—that measures individual differences in the propensity to experience guilt and shame across a range of personal transgressions. The GASP contains 2 guilt subscales that assess negative behavior-evaluations and repair action tendencies following private transgressions and 2 shame subscales that assess negative self-evaluations (NSEs) and withdrawal action tendencies following publically exposed transgressions. Both guilt subscales were highly correlated with one another and negatively correlated with unethical decision making. Although both shame subscales were associated with relatively poor psychological functioning (e.g., neuroticism, personal distress, low self-esteem), they were only weakly correlated with one another, and their relationships with unethical decision making diverged. Whereas shame–NSE constrained unethical decision making, shame–withdraw did not. Our findings suggest that differentiating the tendency to make NSEs following publically exposed transgressions from the tendency to hide or withdraw from public view is critically important for understanding and measuring dispositional shame proneness. The GASP's ability to distinguish these 2 classes of responses represents an important advantage of the scale over existing assessments. Although further validation research is required, the present studies are promising in that they suggest the GASP has the potential to be an important measurement tool for detecting individuals susceptible to corruption and unethical behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enantiomerization Kinetics of 2,2′-Disubstituted Biphenyls: A Dynamic Chiral HPLC Investigation

The enantiomers of eight axially chiral biaryls were separated by chiral HPLC. On-column enantiomerization of 1-(o-tolyl)naphthalene and 2-cyclohexyl-2′-dimethylaminobiphenyl was observed between 10 °C and 35 °C, generating characteristic HPLC elution profiles with a plateau between the resolved enantiomer peaks. Computer simulation of the experimentally obtained chromatograms allowed determination of the Gibbs free energies of activation, ΔG^≠, as 93.2 kJ/mol and 88.4 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Aggregate and individual replication probability within an explicit model of the research process.

We study a model of the research process in which the true effect size, the replication jitter due to changes in experimental procedure, and the statistical error of effect size measurement are all normally distributed random variables. Within this model, we analyze the probability of successfully replicating an initial experimental result by obtaining either a statistically significant result in the same direction or any effect in that direction. We analyze both the probability of successfully replicating a particular experimental effect (i.e., the individual replication probability) and the average probability of successful replication across different studies within some research context (i.e., the aggregate replication probability), and we identify the conditions under which the latter can be approximated using the formulas of Killeen (2005a, 2007). We show how both of these probabilities depend on parameters of the research context that would rarely be known in practice. In addition, we show that the statistical uncertainty associated with the size of an initial observed effect would often prevent accurate estimation of the desired individual replication probability even if these research context parameters were known exactly. We conclude that accurate estimates of replication probability are generally unattainable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deasphalting process using supercritical water

The authors aimed to study the deasphalting process on laboratory scale through the design and development of a supercritical extraction experimental unit. The experimental unity used in tests is composed by a pump, an extractor with useful volume of 3 L and one separator vessel. Extractions in supercritical condition were carried out using petroleum residue (vacuum residuum) as feedstock and water as solvent. Temperature and pressure were manipulated to maintain the solvent in the required conditions, thus facilitating the extraction process and avoiding sharp changes in the system. In both phases, the products in the deasphalted oil stream present adequate characteristics for the production of lubricant oils and those in the asphalt residue stream present an elevated concentration of asphalt molecules.