Green cell association for multimedia transmission in cognitive heterogeneous networks

With the introduction of low‐powered pico/femto‐base stations and relay nodes into the macro‐cell, recent heterogeneous networks provide an attractive approach for future wireless communication. Although it may achieve better coverage and higher capacity, several problems remain unsolved before practical deployment. For example, how to select the proper cell from neighbor low‐powered cells and then occupy the radio resource without interference on macro‐users is both important and challenging, especially for rigorous multimedia applications. The traditional cell access algorithms and quality‐control parameters such as delay or throughput no longer suit well in this complex environment. An effective approach should be pursued. In this paper, we investigate this interesting cell association problem and propose a complete green resolution on the basis of thorough discussions about the multimedia transmission under these concerns. Cognitive radio is introduced to share spectrum between macro‐cell and low‐powered cells while securing the transmission of authorized macro‐users. We also bring forth the concept of ‘interference balance’ to better manage the overall interference and energy consumption in the network. Restless bandit model is formulated on the basis of channel state, data rate, interference control, and the carefully chosen intra‐refreshing rate for multimedia traffic. Then the cell association scheme is designed to be efficient and practical because of the simple index property of our model output. Simulation results have proven the performance of our proposed resolution compared with existing algorithms on interference constraint, multimedia distortion, and overall network energy consumption balance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高斯光束通过非轴对称光学系统的变换

高斯光束通过非轴对称光学系统时就变成像散椭圆高斯光束。本文使用矩阵方法研究了有简单像散高斯光束的变换特性,推导出像空间中xoz和yoz面上束腰重合和相等的条件,以及一股地,像空间中光斑椭圆变成圆和等相面为球面的条件,并以数值计算例说明。     

城市交通区域协调的模糊控制研究

城市交通区域协调控制是智能交通重要的研究方向之一,其目的为了避免区域交通的拥塞。本文提出一种区域协调的模糊控制方法,结合相邻交叉口之间路段的饱和度及各交叉口相位方向的排队长度,建立了模糊控制规则,以对区域交通进行协调控制。采用典型四交叉口组成的区域对文中所提算法进行验证,结果显示该方法能够降低区域内路段的饱和度和交叉口平均延误。     

ZnPc作为有机太阳电池阴极修饰层的研究

采用ZnPc作为ZnPc/C60有机太阳电池阴极修饰层,分析了其对器件光电性能和稳定性的影响.研究了不同厚度ZnPc修饰层对器件性能的影响,结果表明用3 nm ZnPe修饰的器件性能最好.通过传输矩阵的方法画出了结构为ITO/ZnPc(30 nm)/C60(40 nm)/ZnPc(3 nm)/Al(100 nm)电池内部两束敏感光线(630 nm和450 nm光波)的光强分布图,加入3 nm ZnPc对光强分布影响不大.实验还对比分析了未添加、添加LiF和ZnPc修饰层器件的稳定性,用ZnPc修饰的器件更好地改善了稳定性,并对相关机理进行了讨论.     

一种小波变换域的自适应视频水印算法

稳健性是数字水印算法的主要问题之一.根据视觉特点和信号特性实现水印分量的自适应嵌入是提高水印稳健性的有效途径.本文提出了一种基于小波变换域的自适应视频水印算法.水印根据2-D小波系数的特点嵌入在低频子带系数中,以获得较好的稳健性.为了在保证不可见性的前提下尽可能提高水印分量的强度,本文提出根据物体的运动和视频信号内容的纹理复杂度将低频子带中的系数进行分类,根据分类结果,自适应地调整嵌入水印的强度.实验结果表明:嵌入水印对多种攻击,如加性Gaussian噪声、高压缩比的MPEG-2压缩编码、时域抽样和丢帧、以及空域抽样等具有很好的稳健性.     

基于深度强化学习的端到端无人驾驶决策

端到端的驾驶决策是无人驾驶领域的研究热点.本文基于DDPG（Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient）的深度强化学习算法对连续型动作输出的端到端驾驶决策展开研究.首先建立基于DDPG算法的端到端决策控制模型,模型根据连续获取的感知信息（如车辆转角,车辆速度,道路距离等）作为输入状态,输出车辆驾驶动作（加速,刹车,转向）的连续型控制量.然后在TORCS（The Open Racing Car Simulator）平台下不同的行驶环境中进行训练并验证,结果表明该模型可以实现端到端的无人驾驶决策.最后与离散型动作输出的DQN（Deep Q-learning Network）模型进行对比分析,实验结果表明DDPG决策模型具有更优越的决策控制效果.     

皮秒激光-化学复合法制备高效减反射晶硅表面微结构研究

基于皮秒激光的"冷加工"特点,进行了用皮秒激光辐照结合快速化学腐蚀(Na OH溶液:质量分数为4%,不大于3 min,80℃水浴)调控工艺制备高效减反射晶硅表面微结构的研究,在400~1000 nm波长的宽光谱范围内,获得了微-纳双结构微孔阵列和圆顶锥形周期性阵列两种减反射表面,前者的平均反射率低于5%,后者的平均反射率低于10%。制备过程中工艺可控性强,无需掩膜和真空环境。研究了激光工艺参数和化学腐蚀参数的不同调控匹配在微结构单元形成中的作用机制,分析了所制备表面微结构的减反射机理,为太阳能电池和其他半导体器件中硅基减反射表面微结构的低成本激光可控制造提供了重要的指导。     

Improved optical heterodyne methods for measuring frequency responses of photodetectors

An improved optical self-heterodyne method utilizing a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) tunable laser and an optical fiber ring interferometer is presented in this paper. The interference efficiency can be increased by 7 dB compared with the scheme using the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The unsteady process that the beating frequency experiences in each tuning period is investigated. According to the measurement results, the wavelength and optical power of the tunable laser will be steady when the square-wave frequency is lower than 300 kHz. It has been shown that when a square-wave voltage is applied to the phase section of the tunable laser, the laser linewidths vary in a wide range, and are much larger than that under dc voltage tuning. The errors caused by the variations in the linewidth of the beat signal and optical power can be eliminated using the proposed calibration procedures, and the measurement accuracy can, therefore, be significantly improved. Experiments show that the frequency responses obtained using our method agree well with the data provided by the manufacturer, and the improved optical self-heterodyne method is as accurate as the intensity noise technique.     

Hg1-xCdxTe外延薄膜表面对红外透射光谱的影响

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪测量液相外延生长的Hg1-xCdxTe薄膜,发现未经腐蚀的原生薄膜材料红外透射光谱经本征吸收后有吸收边倾斜并伴有透射比值偏低的现象.对红外透射光谱的影响因素进行了分析,用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针及轮廓仪对样品表面腐蚀前后进行测试,结果表明腐蚀前后Hg1-xCdxTe薄膜表面(深度约1μm)汞含量和表面平整度的差别是导致这一现象的主要原因.运用带-带尾态之间的跃迁理论及表面散射对这一现象进行了解释.     

用AFM导电探针在n-Si(111)表面进行纳米加工的机理研究

本文介绍了在AFM针尖与氢钝化硅表面之间施加电场作用对硅表面进行修饰的纳米加工方法，重点讨论了加工机理。实验考虑了样品的表面状态，周围大气状况，所加电压的极性、大小和加压方式等影响纳米加工的因素。对机理的研究表明，针尖和样品之间发生的是场致电子发射而非热电子发射，电流热效应增强粒子的扩散能力，提高了电化学反应速度。最后给出了电场诱导阳极氧化扩散增强的加工机理。