Concepts,processing, and recent developments in encapsulating essential oils

By the virtue of their olfactory, physicochemical, and biological characteristics, essential oils (EOs) have drawn wide attention as additives in daily chemicals like perfume or personal care products. Nevertheless, they are physicochemically unstable and susceptible to degradation or loss. Microencapsulation offers a feasible strategy to stabilize and prolong release of EO. This review summarizes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various preparation and characterization methods, wherein innovative fabrication strategies and their formation mechanisms are especially emphasized. Progress in combining detecting/measuring technologies with kinetic modelling are discussed, to give an integral approach of controlling the dynamic release of encapsulated EOs. Moreover, new development trends of EOs capsules are also highlighted.     

Review on the effect of heat exchanger tubes on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer of the bubble/slurry reactors

Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR) are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries. Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process, thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor. Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes. Unfortunately, little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR. The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer, then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR, ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.     

Vibrational Spectroscopy in Assessment of Early Osteoarthritis—A Narrative Review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease, and there is currently no effective medicine to cure it. Early prevention and treatment can effectively reduce the pain of OA patients and save costs. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose OA at an early stage. There are various diagnostic methods for OA, but the methods applied to early diagnosis are limited. Ordinary optical diagnosis is confined to the surface, while laboratory tests, such as rheumatoid factor inspection and physical arthritis checks, are too trivial or time-consuming. Evidently, there is an urgent need to develop a rapid nondestructive detection method for the early diagnosis of OA. Vibrational spectroscopy is a rapid and nondestructive technique that has attracted much attention. In this review, near-infrared (NIR), infrared, (IR) and Raman spectroscopy were introduced to show their potential in early OA diagnosis. The basic principles were discussed first, and then the research progress to date was discussed, as well as its limitations and the direction of development. Finally, all methods were compared, and vibrational spectroscopy was demonstrated that it could be used as a promising tool for early OA diagnosis. This review provides theoretical support for the application and development of vibrational spectroscopy technology in OA diagnosis, providing a new strategy for the nondestructive and rapid diagnosis of arthritis and promoting the development and clinical application of a component-based molecular spectrum detection technology.     

Genome-Wide Analysis Identified a Set of Conserved lncRNAs Associated with Domestication-Related Traits in Rice

Crop domestication, which gives rise to a number of desirable agronomic traits, represents a typical model system of plant evolution. Numerous genomic evidence has proven that noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs and phasiRNAs, as well as protein-coding genes, are selected during crop domestication. However, limited data shows plant long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also involved in this biological process. In this study, we performed strand-specific RNA sequencing of cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and O. sativa ssp. indica, and their wild progenitor O. rufipogon. We identified a total of 8528 lncRNAs, including 4072 lncRNAs in O. rufipogon, 2091 lncRNAs in japonica rice, and 2365 lncRNAs in indica rice. The lncRNAs expressed in wild rice were revealed to be shorter in length and had fewer exon numbers when compared with lncRNAs from cultivated rice. We also identified a number of conserved lncRNAs in the wild and cultivated rice. The functional study demonstrated that several of these conserved lncRNAs are associated with domestication-related traits in rice. Our findings revealed the feature and conservation of lncRNAs during rice domestication and will further promote functional studies of lncRNAs in rice.     

Fabrication of composite wire of lead coated on glass fiber by extrusion

1　INTRODUCTIONCoatingglassfiberwithleadproducesakindofnewcontinuouscomposite ,whichcanfindwideap plicationsinmanydifferentfields ,especiallyinthebatteryoftheEVsandHEVsthathasalreadybecomethemostimportantgoalinmostcountries[13] .Withakindofspecialtechnologythiskindofnewcompos itewirecanbeusedtoproducegridsofnewleadacidbatterythatisveryusefultotheEVsandHEVs .Thiskindofnewleadacidbatteryhasmanyadvan tages ,suchashigherspecificenergy ,lessinnerresis tance ,morequicklychargingcapabilityand…     

Bi2223超导带材的机械性能的改善

通过在超导芯部引入Ag合金的方法制备了新结构单芯和多芯带材，并研究了此种带材机械性能，以及其相对于普通Bi-2223超导带材变化。这种新结构提高了Bi-2223超导带材抗拉伸应变的能力。在拉伸应力的作用下，单芯样品的屈服强度和σ0.2不可逆应变极限εirr和普通样品相比均有较大幅度的提高，其中的最大不可逆应变极限εirr约为0．32％，最大屈服强度σ0.2约为85MPa。多芯样品的最大不可逆应变极限εirr约为1．1％，最大屈服强度σ0.2约为160MPa。实验证明添加合金丝提高了纯银包套多芯带材的不可逆应变极限εirr，并减弱了临界电流的退化速度。但对合金包套的带材影响不大，这时合金包套对于带材的力学性能起主要作用。     

Ti9Al合金的氢塑性效应

采用真空自耗电弧炉熔炼制备Ti9Al合金，通过渗氢处理显著提高氢含量，在凸轮塑性试验机ЧПИ-2上以10mm／min的速度进行热模拟试验。研究发现：氢可以降低Ti9Al合金的相变温度，扩大α β区的温度范围；氢作为卢稳定剂会妨碍或完全抑制以Ti3Al为基的α2相的析出；钛合金的氢合金化可促使卢相在更低温度下稳定化，明显地提高了Ti9Al合金塑性。     

Ti5Nb人工钉扎中心NbTi超导体的磁通钉扎机制分析

采用棒基组合的装配方法，用热挤压和冷加工相结合的工艺制备了岛状Ti5Nb人工钉扎中心NbTi超导体，其中Ti5Nb体积含量为10％。通过对此超导体进行详细的磁通钉扎机制分析，认为样品的磁通钉扎力特征主要由正常相钉扎和Δκ扎相结合的机制决定。根据分析的结果，采用多源标度方法，很好地拟合了不同线径样品的磁通钉扎力密度随磁场变化的曲线。拟合的结果表明：样品在较低场下的性能主要由正常相钉扎机制决定，而在较高场下的性能主要由Δκ钉扎机制决定。并且随着线径的减小，正常相钉扎力密度和Δκ钉扎力密度均有不同程度的提高。     

定向凝固法制备YBC超导体的若干材料学问题

讨论了定向凝固法制备YBCO超导体涉及的包晶转变与包晶反应，成分过冷，扩散控制生长模型，界面效应及定向凝固YBCO生长晶体学等问题。     

Ti40阻燃钛合金的高温蠕变行为

计算了Ti40合金在不同应力、不同温度下的稳态蠕变速率、应力指数及在460℃－540℃范围内蠕变激活能Q＝94.0kJ/mol，并以此基础上研究了其蠕变强化机制。实验结果表明：该合金在此温度范围内的蠕变受位错和扩散双重机制控制，晶界移动对蠕变也有一定的贡献。在目前实验条件下，Ti40合金在620℃蠕变性能较差。