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31.
Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) in waterborne media using Cu(II) complexes with azo initiators (i.e., reverse ATRP) was conducted. The influence of several factors, such as surfactant, catalyst, and reaction time, on the stability of the emulsion, the particle size, the morphology of the emulsion particles, and the control of the polymerization was investigated. The results showed great differences between ATRP and conventional emulsion polymerization, especially the nucleation mechanism and the kinetics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1542–1547, 2003 相似文献
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33.
A novel method was developed for the fabrication of activated carbon fiber (ACF) with wet spinning polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers as the precursors. Through a combination of preoxidation, dehydration, carbonization and activation under a certain tension, PVA-based ACFs (PVA-ACFs) with high yields and good mechanical properties were obtained. The surface and cross-section morphologies, pore structures, surface geometries, surface functional groups and crystal structures of the PVA-ACFs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, low temperature nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray power diffraction. All the PVA-ACF samples prepared had lotus root-like axially meso- and macroporous structures with the domination of micropores. Fractal geometries of PVA-ACFs deduced from nitrogen adsorption isotherms indicates that capillary force dominated in the interactions between nitrogen and the PVA-ACFs. The surface functional groups of the PVA-ACFs depend on the activating agents. Graphitoidal crystal structures were observed for the PVA-ACFs. The small crystal size and short range ordering between the crystallites ensured a high specific surface area of the PVA-ACFs. 相似文献
34.
Experimental and modeling results on the field-activated combustion synthesis (FACS) of Nb5 Si3 are reported. In the absence of an electric field and without reactant preheating, Nb5 Si3 cannot be prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Under the influence of a field a self-sustaining combustion wave is established whose rate of propagation decreases with traveled distance. For relatively low field values, the wave propagation mode changes from a continuous (smooth) to a spin mode. The product of synthesis depends on the mode of propagation. Synthesis during continuous wave propagation results in the formation of Nb5 Si3 , primarily in the α-modification. In contrast, when the wave propagates in a spin mode, the product is NbSi2 with unreacted niobium. The present observations demonstrate a case where the field effect is not localized, as was the case in previous studies. The difference in behavior is attributed to differences in the electrical conductivities of the product phases. 相似文献
35.
36.
L. C. Feng W. Z. Shao L. Zhen N. Xie V. V. Ivanov 《International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology》2007,4(5):453-462
Cu2 O/ x Cu ( x =0–25 wt%) cermets were evaluated as a novel partially inert anode for aluminum (Al) production. The physical and mechanical properties, including the compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and dc electrical conductivity were tested at room temperature and at temperatures up to 950°C. The coefficient of thermal expansion, compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of Cu2 O/Cu cermets increased with increasing Cu content. High-temperature electrical conductivity measurements showed that with increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity increased when the Cu content was below the percolation threshold, while it decreased when the Cu content was above the percolation threshold. A relatively stable CuAlO2 layer formed on the cermet surface during electrochemical testing, and the corrosion rate of this anode was estimated to be about 1.8–1.9 cm/year in Al production. 相似文献
37.
Partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) is an ideal framework for sequential decision-making under uncertainty in stochastic domains. However, it is notoriously computationally intractable to solving POMDP in real-time system. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes a point-based online value iteration (PBOVI) algorithm which involves performing value backup at specific reachable belief points, rather than over the entire belief simplex, to speed up computation processes, exploits branch-and-bound pruning approach to prune the AND/OR tree of belief states online, and proposes a novel idea to reuse the belief states that have been searched to avoid repeated computation. The experiment and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can simultaneously satisfy the requirement of low errors and high timeliness in real-time system. 相似文献
38.
Possible use of methylbenzenes as electrolyte additives for improving the overcharge tolerances of Li-ion batteries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on the voltammetric behaviour of a series of methyl-substituted benzenes in 1M LiPF6/EC-DMC electrolyte, xylene was selected and tested as an electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of Li-ion batteries. From the overcharge curves, CV behaviour and SEM observations of the cells in the presence of xylene, it was found that the additive can polymerize at the overcharged voltage to form a dense layer of isolating polymer film at the cathode surface, which blocks off further oxidation of the electroactive material and electrolyte and, therefore, improves the overcharge tolerance of the Li-ion battery. In addition, the xylene additive has shown only a slight influence on the cycling behaviour. 相似文献
40.
新桥硫矿首次在国内推行露天开采下盘无台阶采矿新工艺,该工艺具有剥岩少、基建快、出矿早、采矿工程延深快等特点。由于该工艺具有独特的靠帮方式和端部过渡方式,需严格控制底盘因爆破而导致的岩体滑动。该工艺的实施已取得了显著的经济效益。 相似文献