Development of an anisotropic conductive adhesive film (ACAF) from epoxy resins

A thermoset type anisotropic conductive adhesive film (ACAF), which electrically connects an ITO glass and a flex circuit both having conducting pattersn of less than 100 μm in pitch, has been developed. In this development, bisphenol A and bisphenol F epoxy resins were tested to formulate an ACAF with easy-to-handle tackiness, flexibility, and strenght. A curing agent that gives fast cure and long shelf-life properties to the epoxy resin was also selected. The tensile stress–strain responses of obtained adhesive films were successfully used for determining the formulation. Good aftercure physical properties (electrical and mechanical) were obtained. Durability against high temperature and high humidity were also tested to confirm long-term stability of the conduction of this ACAF. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermal Expansion Behavior of the Si3N4-Whisker-Reinforced Soda-Borosilicate Glass Matrix Composite

Thermal expansion behaviors of a Si₃N₄-whisker-reinforced sodaborosilicate glass matrix composite are studied. An abrupt increase of the coefficient of thermal expansion is observed and is attributed to formation of crystobalite in the sodaborosilicate glass matrix. This thermal expansion behavior is discussed with special reference to the phase transformation of the crystobalite.     

Interfacial shear strength of C/C composites

Fiber-bundle push-out, single-fiber push-in, and single-fiber push-out tests were conducted in order to examine the applicability of these methods for determining the interfacial shear strength of carbon-carbon composites. The fiber-bundle push-out test resulted mostly in fractures along the fiber/matrix interface but created a small amount of fractures in the matrix. Hence, the evaluated strength was regarded as an approximate value. In order to precisely evaluate the interfacial strength, push-in and push-out tests for a single fiber were performed using a micro-Vickers indentation tester. In these tests, the load has to be placed within a target fiber, and the indentation should not extend to the matrix. This condition restricted the load that could be applied to a carbon fiber. Within this limit, a single carbon fiber could not be pushed-in. For the sake of load reduction, single-fiber push-out tests were conducted using thin specimens. The thickness appropriate for a single-fiber push-out specimen was estimated based on the interfacial shear strength obtained by the bundle push-out tests. Below this thickness, single-fiber push-out tests could be successfully performed.     

Fate of the chlorine and fluorine in a sub-bituminous coal during pyrolysis and gasification

The fate of the chlorine and fluorine present in a sub-bituminous coal from Indonesia during pyrolysis and gasification has been studied with fixed and entrained bed reactors. The rate profile for HCl evolved in the temperature programmed pyrolysis exhibits the main and shoulder peaks at 480 and 600 °C, respectively. Model experiments and subsequent Cl 2p XPS measurements show that HCl reacts with metal impurities and carbon active sites at 500 °C to be retained as inorganic and organic chlorine forms, from which HCl evolves again at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that the HCl observed in the coal pyrolysis may originate from the above-mentioned chlorine functionalities formed by secondary reactions involving the nascent char. In the CO₂ gasification of the 900 °C char at 1000 °C and 2.5 MPa, any measurable amounts of HCl and HF could not be detected even at a high conversion of 75 wt% (daf), suggesting the accumulation of these halogens in the residual char. When the coal is injected into an O₂-blown, entrained bed gasifier at 1200-1400 °C under 2.6 MPa, the partial oxidation proceeds to a larger extent at a higher O₂/coal ratio, whereas the chlorine and fluorine are enriched in the remaining char, and the extent of the enrichment at the latter stage of gasification is larger with the fluorine. The XPS measurements of the chars reveal the presence of the broad F 1 s peak, which can cover a wide range of binding energies attributable to inorganic and organic fluorine. The halogen enrichment during gasification is discussed in terms of secondary reactions of HCl and HF with char.     

Effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals on nitrogen release during temperature programmed pyrolysis of coal

Formation of HCN, NH₃, and N₂ during fixed-bed pyrolysis at 10K min⁻¹ has been studied using coal samples after partial demineralization followed by addition of metal hydroxides from aqueous systems. Without additives, NH₃ is the predominant product at ≤ 700°C, showing the two peaks in the formation rate profile, whereas N₂ is the only product at ≥ 800°C. The presence of NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)₂ promotes considerable NH₃ formation between 450 and 600°C, but in contrast suppresses HCN formation in this region. The Ca shows the largest effect on both the promotion and suppression. It is likely that the NH₃ increased by Ca addition arises partly from HCN, but mainly from secondary reactions of tar-N. These hydroxides affect N₂ formation in quite different manners: the Na decreases the rate between 700 and 950°C, and the K changes it less significantly than the Na, but the Ca remarkably increases the rate in a low temperature region of 550–700°C. These different features are discussed in terms of solid-phase reactions of alkali metal carbonates with char-N and secondary decomposition reactions of tar-N on CaO particles. As a result, total conversion of coal-N to HCN, NH₃ and N₂ up to 1000°C increases in the sequence of Na < none < K < Ca.     

Unified reliability estimation and management of NoC based chip multiprocessors

We present a new architecture level unified reliability evaluation methodology for chip multiprocessors (CMPs). The proposed reliability estimation (REST) is based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. What distinguishes REST from the previous work is that both the computational and communication components are considered in a unified manner to compute the reliability of the CMP. We utilize REST tool to develop a new dynamic reliability management (DRM) scheme to address time-dependent dielectric breakdown and negative-bias temperature instability aging mechanisms in network-on-chip (NoC) based CMPs. Designed as a control loop, the proposed DRM scheme uses an effective neural network based reliability estimation module. The neural-network predictor is trained using the REST tool. We investigate how system’s lifetime changes when the NoC as the communication unit of the CMP is considered or not during the reliability evaluation process and find that differences can be as high as 60%. Full-system based simulations using a customized GEM5 simulator show that reliability can be improved by up to 52% using the proposed DRM scheme in a best-effort scenario with 2–9% performance penalty (using a user set target lifetime of 7 years) over the case when no DRM is employed.     

Stability of fine water droplet clouds

The rate of evaporation of monodisperse water droplets was first evaluated by solving numerically the modified Maxwell equation, assuming the cellular model for a droplet clouds. The results are discussed in comparison with those for a single isolated droplet, which can be obtained analytically. The critical conditions for the droplet cloud to be stable are then evaluated as a function of droplet number concentration, droplet size and initial conditions of the surrounding air. Secondly, the equilibrated system, where a water droplet cloud is steadily mixed with unsaturated air, was analysed on the basis of enthalpy and material balance of the system to evaluate the total volume change of the droplets. Some of these analyses were verified by experiment, using an ultramicroscopic technique which is useful for droplet size analysis.     

On-chip Diamond MEMS Magnetic Sensing through Multifunctionalized Magnetostrictive Thin Film

Electrically integrable, high-sensitivity, and high-reliability magnetic sensors are not yet realized at high temperatures (500 °C). In this study, an integrated on-chip single-crystal diamond (SCD) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) magnetic transducer is demonstrated by coupling SCD with a large magnetostrictive FeGa film. The FeGa film is multifunctionalized to actuate the resonator, self-sense the external magnetic field, and electrically readout the resonance signal. The on-chip SCD MEMS transducer shows a high sensitivity of 3.2 Hz mT⁻¹ from room temperature to 500 °C and a low noise level of 9.45 nT Hz^−1/2 up to 300 °C. The minimum fluctuation of the resonance frequency is 1.9 × 10⁻⁶ at room temperature and 2.3 × 10⁻⁶ at 300 °C. An SCD MEMS resonator array with parallel electric readout is subsequently achieved, thus providing a basis for the development of magnetic image sensors. The present study facilitates the development of highly integrated on-chip MEMS resonator transducers with high performance and high thermal stability.     

Peroxiredoxin 2 as a chemotherapy responsiveness biomarker candidate in osteosarcoma revealed by proteomics

Purpose : We aimed to identify novel chemotherapy responsiveness biomarkers for osteosarcoma (OS) by investigating the global protein expression profile of 12 biopsy samples from OS patients. Experimental design : Six patients were classified as good responders and six as poor responders, according to the Huvos grading system. The protein expression profiles obtained by 2‐D DIGE consisted of 2250 protein spots. Results : Among them, we identified 55 protein spots whose intensity was significantly different (Bonferroni adjusted p‐value<0.01) between the two patient groups. Mass spectrometric protein identification demonstrated that the 55 spots corresponded to 38 distinct gene products including peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX 2). Use of a specific antibody against PRDX 2 confirmed the differential expression of PRDX 2 between good and poor responders, while PRDX 2 levels as measured by Western blotting correlated highly with their corresponding 2‐D DIGE values. The predictive value of PRDX 2 expression was further confirmed by examining an additional four OS cases using Western blotting. Conclusions and clinical relevance : These results establish PRDX 2 as a candidate for chemotherapy responsiveness marker in OS. Measuring PRDX 2 in biopsy samples before treatment may contribute to more effective management of OS.