水泥混凝土路面板模量反算的一种新方法--惰性弯沉法

路面结构层模量反算方法有多种,但都因反算解的唯一性问题而使反算结果误差太大.为了提高反算精度,本文提出了"惰性点"的概念.发现在混凝土路面的弯沉盆上,存在一个其弯沉值几乎不随面层模量变化而改变的点,该点即被定义为惰性点.该点的发现,为唯一确定路面结构层模量提供了理论基础.     

验证e-Hf照明和照明控制系统的节能效果

从保护地球环境角度来讲,全世界都越来越关心节约能源(以下略称为节能)。本文对e-Hf照明和照明控制系统的节能效果做一论述。     

BIOGAS RECOVERY FROM A THERMALLY TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE BY A FIXED-BED ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR

Biogas recovery from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge which is discharged from municipal wastewater treatments generally requires a large scale digester owing to the slow biodegradability of the sludge compounds. To achieve an effective methanogenesis from the sludge as the raw materials, thermal pretreatmenls of the sludge were conducted to improve the sedimentation efficiency of the treated sludge and the filtrate obtained was anaerobically digested in fixed-bed bioreactors with baked clay, melted slug and rhyolitic lava.

Methane formation from the intact activated sludge (10g/l) was 11 methane/I after 25-day fermentation without heat treatment (control), whereas in the case of treating for 1 h at 121°C, 2.1 I methane/I was produced from the whole treated sludge (10g/l) and 2.91 methane/1 was produced at pH 4 at the same heat treatment. However, no more methane was produced when the sludge was treated with 0.1 N NaOH or H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 1 h although lower fatty acids were accumulated.

The filtrates from heat treated sludge either at 121°C for 1 h at pH 4 or at 121°C for 1 h contained 2200 and 4400 mg COD/I, respectively. The filtrates obtained were anaerobically digested in fixed bed reactors. For the former, at COD loading 32.4g/l/day, the methane production rate was 2.91/l/day with 52.6% of COD reduction at 1.5 h of hydraulic retention time, whereas, for the latter, methane production rate was 2.11/1/day with 26.2% of COD reduction at 2.4 h retention time (COD loading 47.8).

It would be concluded that the heat treatments of discharged sludge from aeration tank might be a promising means for the treatment of activated sludge since the heat treatment could decrease the specific resistance of filtration of sludge and the filtrate discharged could be easily converted to methane as a fuel energy.     

Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted ion exchange resin and its catalytic activity. I. Photo-induced graft copolymerization of vinyl acetate on ion exchange resin

Photo-induced graft copolymerization of vinyl acetate on sulfonic acid-type ion exchange resins was investigated. In the copolymerization on isopropylated resin, graft copolymers with graft ratios (mole ratio of monomer unit of grafts to that of the resin) of up to 0.18 were obtained, although in the copolymerization on the original resin graft copolymer was not obtained. It was found that the graft ratio showed a maximum with reaction time, and the maximum graft ratio increased with conversion of the resin from the Na salt to the Fe(III) salt. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted resins were obtained with saponification of the poly(vinyl acetate)-grafted resins, and their catalytic activities on the hydrolysis of amylose were investigated. The catalytic activity of the resins was found to increase with increasing graft ratio at values above 0.10. In the present experiment, however, the maximum acceleration of the reaction was up to 1.5-fold that of the original resin because of limited graft ratio.     

Liquid Manipulation Lithography to Fabricate a Multifunctional Microarray of Organosilanes on an Oxide Surface under Ambient Conditions

A novel method to produce a multifunctional microarray in which different types of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are positioned on predefined surface sites on an oxide‐covered silicon substrate is described. To achieve this, a liquid‐transportation system called “liquid manipulation lithography” (LML) is developed. This system allows the delivery of different varieties of molecular inks, trialkoxysilanes, onto each predefined surface position of the given substrate even under ambient conditions. Under optimum conditions, the transferred trialkoxysilane inks first form one‐molecule‐thick microstructures at each surface position through the hydrolysis of the reactive silanes with surface water adsorbed on the substrate, followed by a condensation reaction. Three types of trialkoxysilanes with long alkyl‐chains, specifically triethoxysilylundecanal (TESUD), N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAPS), and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS), are used as model molecular inks due to their high‐end group‐functionalities in biological and electronic applications. The precise positioning of the ink with sub‐micrometer edge resolution is performed by carefully controlling a femtoliter‐scale liquid‐injection micromanipulator under a microscope. To ensure that the prepared SAM microarray is available for parallel analysis of biomolecular interactions, the area‐selective immobilization of a protein molecule is explored. Successful observation of the area‐selective biomolecular attachment confirmed a high industrial potential for the method as a lithography‐free process for the miniaturization of a multifunctional SAM array on an oxide substrate.