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81.
Huiping Hu Qiyuan Chen Zhoulan Yin Pingmin Zhang Lusheng Ye 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(13):793-797
The thermal decompositions of mechanically activated and nonactivated galenas were studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)
at the heating rate of 10 K min−1 in argon. Results indicate that the initial temperature of thermal decomposition (abbreviated as T
di) in the TGA curves for different galenas decreases gradually with increased grinding time. The specific granulometric surface
area (S
G), the structural disorder, and the content of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas were analyzed by an X-ray
diffraction (XRD) laser particle-size analyzer, XRD analysis, and the gravimetric method, respectively, which shows that the
specific granulometric surface area of mechanically activated galenas remains almost constant after a certain grinding time,
but the lattice distortions (ε) rise, the crystallite sizes (D) decrease, and the elemental sulfur contents of mechanically activated galenas increase with increased grinding time. The
results imply that the decrease of the initial temperature of thermal decomposition in the TGA curves for mechanically activated
galenas is mainly caused by the increase of lattice distortions, and the formation of new dangling bonds resulted from the
production of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas with increased grinding time. Finally, the differences in
the thermal-decomposition reactivity between nonactivated and mechanically activated galenas were also discussed. 相似文献
82.
83.
M. Del C. Ruiz J. A. González J. B. Rivarola 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2004,35(3):439-448
The mechanism and kinetics of β-Ta2O5 chlorination, mixed with sucrose carbon, have been studied by a thermogravimetric technique. The investigated temperature
range was 500 °C to 850 °C. The reactants and reaction residues were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method for surface area (BET). The effect of various experimental parameters
was studied, such as carbon percentage, temperature, chlorine partial pressure, and flow, use of the multiple sample method,
and carbon previous oxidation. The carbon percentage and previous treatment have an effect on the system reactivity. The temperature
has a marked effect on the reaction rate. In the 500 °C to 600 °C temperature interval, the apparent activation energy is
144 kJ/mol of oxide, while at higher temperatures, the activation energy decreases. With high chorine partial pressures, the
order of reaction is near zero. The kinetic contractile plate model, X=kt, considering carbon oxidation as the controlling stage, is the one with the best fit to the experimental data. A probable
mechanism for the carbochlorination of β-Ta2O5 is proposed: (1) activation of chlorine on the carbon surface, (2) chlorination of Ta2O5, (3) oxidation of carbon, and (4) recrystallization of β-Ta2O5. 相似文献
84.
85.
In this paper we consider two performance modelling techniques from the perspectives of model construction, generation of
an underlying continuous time Markov process, and the potential for reduction in the Markov process. Such careful comparison
of modelling techniques allows us to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, and facilitates cross-fertilization
between them. In the present case we take a characteristic of one formalism, functional rates in Stochastic Automata Networks,
and introduce it to the other formalism, Performance Evaluation Process Algebra. We investigate the benefits of this cross-fertilization,
particularly from the perspectives of Markov process generation and reduction. 相似文献
86.
87.
With increasing globalization, communication across language and cultural boundaries is becoming an essential requirement
of doing business, delivering education, and providing public services. Due to the considerable cost of human translation
services, only a small fraction of text documents and an even smaller percentage of spoken encounters, such as international
meetings and conferences, are translated, with most resorting to the use of a common language (e.g. English) or not taking
place at all. Technology may provide a potentially revolutionary way out if real-time, domain-independent, simultaneous speech
translation can be realized. In this paper, we present a simultaneous speech translation system based on statistical recognition
and translation technology. We discuss the technology, various system improvements and propose mechanisms for user-friendly
delivery of the result. Over extensive component and end-to-end system evaluations and comparisons with human translation
performance, we conclude that machines can already deliver comprehensible simultaneous translation output. Moreover, while
machine performance is affected by recognition errors (and thus can be improved), human performance is limited by the cognitive
challenge of performing the task in real time. 相似文献
88.
Anastassios Pouris 《Scientometrics》2007,70(3):541-553
This article reports the findings of a scientometric analysis of nanoscale research in South Africa during the period 2000–2005.
The ISI databases were identified as the most appropriate information platform for the objectives of the investigation and
have been interrogated for the identification of South African authors publishing in the field.
The article identifies trends over time, major institutional contributors, journals in which South African authors publish
their research, international collaborators and performance in comparison to four comparator countries (India, Brazil, South
Korea and Australia). The major findings of the investigation are as follows: nanoscale research in South Africa is driven
by individual researchers interests up to date and it is in its early stages of development; the country’s nanoscale research
is below what would one expect in light of its overall publication output; the country’s nano-research is distributed to a
number of Universities with subcritical concentration of researchers. 相似文献
89.
90.
Grant Lewison 《Scientometrics》2007,72(3):439-458
This paper describes an analysis of coverage of the risks from agricultural and food genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)
from April 2002 to April 2004 in 14 news media from six countries (Canada, France, Germany, Spain, the UK and the USA) which
was conducted as part of a review for the European Commission of the management of risk communication. A total of 597 relevant
news articles were found and coded for their presentational tone, the types of risk (environmental, financial, health and
political, in that order), the organisms described (mainly maize, rape and beet crops), and the documents, people and organisations
cited. UK news media tended to be the most “scary” and Spanish ones the most “robust”. Articles quoting public perceptions,
non-governmental environmental organisations and politicians tended to emphasize the risks of GMOs; those quoting scientists
tended to downplay the risks and describe their potential benefits. Some suggestions for possible action by the European Commission
are put forward, such as the facilitation of contact between journalists and scientists, but it is recognized that for some
newspapers, their editorial wish to campaign will inevitably over-ride their reporters’ wish to present the truth. 相似文献