The cationic oligomerization of p-aminostyrene 2. Dimerization in the intial stage

Summary It was found that p-aminostyrene (PAS) could be oligomerized by using several aminium perchlorates as catalysts in acetonitrile to give a dimer D in the initial stage of the reaction and finally the isomerization oligomer 1 at the end, in quite similar manner to the preceding paper (1), where dimerization (hydroamination) is the main reaction in the initial stage. The pK_a values for the amines were evaluated by the indicator method, and the [H⁺]₀ and [MH⁺]₀ values were calculated from equilibrium equations. As a result, the rate increased with decreasing pK_a of the catalytic amine used and reached an overall constant value. From the relationships between the rate of the reaction and the [H⁺]₀ or [MH⁺]₀ values calculated numerically, however, it was determined that the rate was more affected by the [H⁺]₀ or [M⁺]₀ values rather than the pK_a of the catalyst. It was assumed that the reaction would be initiated by the electrophilic attack of MH⁺ on the double bond of the monomer. Three successive reactions were proposed for the dimerization step: slow protonation followed by subsequent fast reactions; amine addition to the resultant styryl cation and proton elimination. It was assumed that oligomerization might proceed via the same three successive reactions as proposed for the dimerization step. Received: 24 July 2000/Revised version: 8 September 2000/Accepted: 18 September 2000     

Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells utilizing 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine

Bulk heterojunction solar cells utilizing soluble phthalocyanine derivative, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine (C6PcH₂) have been investigated. The active layer was fabricated by spin-coating the mixed solution of C6PcH₂ and 1-(3-methoxy-carbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 (PCBM). The photovoltaic properties of the solar cell with bulk heterojunction of C6PcH₂ and PCBM demonstrated the strong dependence of active layer thickness, and the optimized active layer thickness was clarified to be 120 nm. By inserting MoO₃ hole transport buffer layer between the positive electrode and active layer, the FF and energy conversion efficiency were improved to be 0.50 and 3.2%, respectively. The tandem organic thin-film solar cell has also been studied by utilizing active layer materials of C6PcH₂ and poly(3-hexylthiophene) and the interlayer of LiF/Al/MoO₃ structure, and a high V_oc of 1.27 V has been achieved.     

Thermal-Oxidative Pretreatment and Evaluation of Poly(hexafluoropropene Oxide) Fluids

Two commercial poly(hexafluoropropene oxide) fluids were thermally pretreated at 343°C in pure oxygen. IR and NMR spectra indicate that this pretreatment was effective in removing hydrogen end-capped impurities. A decrease in the quantity of volatile material produced during thermal oxidative decomposition and increase in the thermal decomposition temperature indicated improvement in the stability of the fluids. However, this pretreatment failed to render the fluids completely stable in oxidizing atmospheres at 316°C in the presence of metal alloys.     

Electrical and non-linear optical properties of Ba2NaNb5O15 thin films

Abstract

Tungsten Bronze-type Ba₂NaNb₅O₁₅ (BNN) films were deposited on the fused quartz, Si and substrates using a RF magnetron sputtering method. The sputtering conditions, such as a deposition ratio and rate of the BNN film, were optimized.     

Development of a high‐definition 32‐in. PDP

We developed the world's smallest‐profile 32‐in. HDTV PDP. By improving the luminous efficiency, a luminance of 650 cd/m² and power consumption (discharge and driving circuit) of 200 W or less was achieved. Moreover, incorporating an advanced color compensating (ACC) filter improved the PDP's color‐reproduction capability, better than that of CRTs.     

Analysis of the fiber-matrix cylindrical model with a circumferential crack

An axisymmetrical fiber-matrix cylindrical model with a circumferential crack in the matrix of finite diameter is formulated within elastostatic scope. The problem is considered by means of integral transforms and a singular integral equation with a dominant generalized Cauchy kernel is obtained. Following the numerical solution technique developed by Erdogan, Gupta and Cook, the singular integral equation is reduced to a system of linear equations. By solving the linear equations, stress intensity factors associated with the crack length and the material properties are calculated and discussed. The solutions presented in this study are found to be general, including the solutions as special cases of the present formulation for a homogeneous solid cylindrical bar and a thick-walled shell with an outer circumferential crack. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interactions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with rat renal organic anion transporter, OAT-K1

We recently cloned and characterized the rat kidney-specific organic anion transporter, OAT-K1, which was suggested to mediate renal tubular transport of methotrexate. In this study, we investigated the interactions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with OAT-K1 by evaluating the effects of these drugs on renal distribution of methotrexate in vivo, and on methotrexate accumulation in the stably transfected LLC-PK1 cells expressing OAT-K1 (LLC-OAT-K1). NSAIDs such as indomethacin and ketoprofen had significant inhibitory effects on renal accumulation of methotrexate in rats after coadministration. Indomethacin and ketoprofen inhibited methotrexate accumulation by LLC-OAT-K1 cells in a competitive manner with the apparent inhibition constant values of 1. 0 mM and 1.9 mM, respectively. Other NSAIDs including ibuprofen, flufenamate and phenylbutazone also showed potent inhibitory effects on methotrexate accumulation. However, indomethacin was not transported via OAT-K1. These results indicate that NSAIDs have potent inhibitory effects against the OAT-K1-mediated methotrexate transport, which suggests that the OAT-K1 may be one of interaction sites for methotrexate and NSAIDs in the kidney.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances vascularization in microporous small caliber polyurethane grafts

Neoarterial regeneration in an implanted small caliber vascular prosthesis is complexly controlled by many structural and biologic factors, such as cytokines. The authors designed an artificial graft, which was prepared as follows. Segmented polyurethane tubular film (inner diameter, 1.5 mm; wall thickness, 100 microns; length, 20 mm), in which micropores (pore size, 100 microns) were fabricated by an excimer laser ablation technique, were coated with a mixed solution of photoreactive gelatin and heparin with or without cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]: 5 or 50 micrograms/ml, basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]: 1 microgram/ml). These coated grafts were irradiated by ultraviolet light, and were implanted in aortas of rats for 4 weeks; the VEGF (5 micrograms/ml) group, n = 6; the bFGF group, n = 6; the VEGF (5 micrograms/ml)/bFGF group, n = 11; the VEGF (50 micrograms/ml)/bFGF group, n = 5; and the control group, n = 9. Control grafts were treated without cytokines. Endothelial coverage was greater for the cytokine immobilized groups (approximately equal to 50-60%) than for the control group (approximately equal to 30%). At the midportion of the triple VEGF immobilized group, many capillaries were seen in the neoarterial intima, and in the micropores, although such capillaries were rarely observed in the bFGF and control groups. Thus, impregnation of VEGF in the gelatinous layer of grafts enhanced transanastomotic tissue ingrowth and transmural capillary ingrowth.     

Malignant lymphoma of the testis: report of two cases

Two cases on non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (NHL) of the testis are reported. A 63-year-old man with left painless scrotal swelling underwent orchiectomy. Although prophylactic irradiation was performed under the diagnosis of seminoma, subsequent immunohistochemistry revealed NHL, large diffuse cell type (B type). He had stage IEA disease. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin vincristine and prednisolone was performed. The second case was in a 63-year old man with right painless scrotal swelling. Orchiectomy revealed NHL, diffuse medium cell type (B type). Because of tumor in the retrosternum, he had stage IIIEA disease. Chemotherapy and irradiation to the contralateral testis was performed.