燃气管网动态仿真的研究及应用

研究和了解燃气在管道中的流动，是进行燃气管网系统优化和提高管网输运系统安全性的前提和基础。以流体力学三大守恒方程为基础，建立了等温和非等温条件下的燃气管网稳态和动态仿真理论模型。以有限差分法为基础，得到了上述模型的求解方法，并加入了耗散项，提高了求解方法的稳定性。通过增加初始点和延长出口点的方法，简化了模型的求解。通过在北京六环天然气管网中的初步应用，分别得到了与实际值综合相对误差为1.21％和2.62％的压力和流量仿真值，从而验证了模型及求解方法的可靠性。     

波动方程数值模拟的隐式差分法

在有限差分波动方程数值模拟中,通常采用高阶差分方法来提高空间导数的数值逼近精度,以实现降低数值频散,提高数值模拟精度的目的。首先对差分频散进行了理论分析;然后讨论了估计一阶空间导数的隐式差分格式,并与通常采用的高阶精度显式差分格式进行了对比分析,结果表明,隐式差分格式能够在更宽的波数范围使差分频散控制在可接受的水平,如8阶精度的显式差分格式所适应的波数带宽约为O．55kmax,而隐式差分格式所适应的波数带宽约为0．7kmax;最后通过模型试算,对隐式差分格式的有效性进行了验证。模拟结果表明,用隐式差分格式在一定程度上降低了差分频散,提高了模拟精度。     

氢型丝光沸石催化剂催化α-蒎烯合成α-松油醇

在相转移助剂苄基三乙基氯化铵(BTEAC)存在下,以氢型丝光沸石(HM)为催化剂,原料α-蒎烯经开环、重排及水合反应一步法合成了α-松油醇。研究了各种因素对α-蒎烯转化率及α-松油醇收率的影响,采用5因素4水平L16(45)进行了正交实验,得出最佳的工艺条件:反应温度80℃,w(BTEAC)=15%,m(HM)∶m(α-蒎烯)=0.6,反应时间40h,m(乙酸乙酯)∶m(α-蒎烯)=0.9。在此条件下,α-蒎烯转化率为75.2%,α-松油醇收率为42.0%。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对反应产物进行分析,共鉴定出14种化合物,主要成分为α-松油醇、α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、桉叶油素、异松油烯、龙脑等。实验得到的α-松油醇具有光学活性,旋光值[α]=+61°,同时香气纯正,可用于制作香料。     

双膦胺镍-甲基铝氧烷体系催化苯乙烯聚合

研究了具有新型结构的双膦胺镍配合物N,N-双(二苯膦基)-对甲氧基苯胺二氯化镍-甲基铝氧烷(PNP-N i-MAO)催化体系对苯乙烯聚合的催化性能,考察了聚合温度、n(A l)∶n(PNP-N i)、PNP-N i的浓度和苯乙烯的浓度对催化活性、苯乙烯转化率、聚苯乙烯相对分子质量及其分布的影响,并用核磁共振和凝胶色谱对聚苯乙烯的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,在聚合温度25℃、聚合时间1h、n(A l)∶n(PNP-N i)=300、c(苯乙烯)=2.3m ol/L、c(PNP-N i)=0.4mm ol/L、甲苯为溶剂的适宜条件下,苯乙烯的转化率可达95%以上,催化活性达到5×105g/(m ol.h)左右。核磁共振和凝胶色谱表征结果显示,所得聚苯乙烯为无规结构,重均相对分子质量约为1×104,相对分子质量分布Mw/Mn约为2。     

An MPEG‐4 Compliant Interactive Multimedia Streaming Platform Using Overlay Networks

This paper presents a multimedia streaming platform for efficiently transmitting MPEG‐4 content over IP networks. The platform includes an MPEG‐4 compliant streaming server and client, supporting object‐based representation of multimedia scenes, interactivity, and advanced encoding profiles defined by the ISO standard. For scalability purposes, we employ an application‐layer multicast scheme for media transmission using overlay networks. The overlay network, governed by the central entity of the network distribution manager, is dynamically deployed according to a set of pre‐defined criteria. The overlay network supports both broadcast delivery and video‐on‐demand content. The multimedia streaming platform is standards‐compliant and utilizes widespread multimedia protocols such as MPEG‐4, real‐time transport protocol, real‐time transport control protocol, and real‐time streaming protocol. The design of the overlay network was architected with the goal of transparency to both the streaming server and the client. As a result, many commercial implementations that use industry‐standard protocols can be plugged into the architecture relatively painlessly and can enjoy the benefits of the platform.     

抵御已知/选择明文攻击的混沌图像加密算法

论文在对现有一类典型图像混沌加密算法的分析基础上,提出了一种改进的图像混沌加密算法。该算法引入小波变换,可以有效地克服一些混沌加密算法不能抵御已知/选择明文攻击的缺陷。     

MPTA型原油脱金属剂的工业应用

在对高金属含量原油进行初步评价的基础上，利用SH—Ⅰ型电脱盐试验仪对自主开发的MPTA型原油脱金属剂进行了原油脱金属的实验室研究。结果表明，当MPTA型脱金属剂加入量为250μg／g时，钙的脱除率可达97．4％，并且对其它金属元素，如镍、铁、钠、锰、铝和钒也有明显的脱除效果。该剂在山东恒源石油化工股份有限公司重交沥青车间500kt／a的电脱盐装置上进行原油脱金属工业试验的结果表明，经过二级电脱盐处理后，钙的脱除率达到99．1％，钠的脱除率为94．6％，铁的脱除率为82．9％，并可在一定程度上降低原油中镍和铜的含量。使用MPTA型原油脱金属剂显著降低了一、二级电脱盐装置的电场电流，有利于炼油厂的节能降耗。     

On the Feasibility of Growing Pb[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.91Ti0.09]O3 Single Crystals

Pb[(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.91Ti_0.09]O₃ (PZNT91/9) single crystals were grown by two methods: from solution using PbO as a self‐fluxing agent (SC method) and directly from the melt without fluxing (MC method). In both growth methods, an allomeric Pb[(Mg_1/3‐Nb_2/3)_0.69Ti_0.31]O₃ (PMNT69/31) single crystal was used as a seed. X‐ray diffraction patterns of ground crystals showed that phase‐pure perovskite PZNT91/9 single crystals were successfully fabricated by the above two methods. The composition of the crystals obtained by both the SC and MC methods was analyzed using X‐ray fluorescence, which confirmed that the crystal composition is close to the nominal value, although volatilization of PbO and segregation during crystal growth are inevitable. The MC PZNT91/9 crystals exhibit excellent piezoelectric properties, with the piezoelectric constant, d₃₃, in the range of 1800–2200 pC N^–1. This value is comparable to that of the SC crystals. However, the MC crystals show an abnormal dielectric behavior. In contrast with the SC crystals, in the MC crystals a much broader dielectric peak appears in the dielectric response curves, accompanied by a much lower peak temperature of around 105 °C. Furthermore, frequency dispersion is apparent over a much wider temperature range (even more apparent than in pure relaxors), where a large, i.e., about 70 °C, full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the dielectric peaks is observed in the dielectric response. It is speculated that such an unusual phenomenon correlates with defects, microinhomogeneities, and polar regions in the as‐grown MC crystals. The origins of this abnormality have not been interpreted in detail until now. However, optical observation of the domain structure confirms that both the SC and MC crystals possess complex structural states.     

Formation and inhibition of free radicals in electrically stressed and aged insulating polymers

Previous work has shown that prebreakdown, electrical aging, and breakdown phenomena are directly associated with charge carriers injected from electrical contacts and their subsequent dissociative trapping and recombination. In addition, the energy released from each trapping or recombination event is dissipated in the breaking of the bonds of macromolecules, thus forming free radicals and new traps in the electrically stressed insulating polymers, as predicted by Kao's model. It is this gradual degradation process that leads to electrical aging and destructive breakdown. New experimental results are presented to confirm previous findings and a new approach to inhibit the degradation process by the incorporation of suitable dopants into the polymer. The concentration of free radicals in the polymer increases with an increasing electric field at a fixed stress time of 250 h and with increasing stress time at a fixed electric field of 833 kV cm^?1. The concentration of free radicals is directly related to the concentration of new traps created by stress. However, when suitable dopants are incorporated, the initiation voltage for the occurrence of electrical treeing and the breakdown strength are both increased. The dopants tend to create shallow traps and have little effect on the deep trap concentration. This implies that the dopants act as free‐radical scavengers that tend to satisfy the unpaired electrons of the broken bonds, which create new acceptor‐like electron traps and new shallow traps. By doing so, the shallow traps screen the deep traps, thereby reducing the energy released during trapping and recombination and the probability of breaking the macromolecular bonds and causing structural degradation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3416–3425, 2003     

Pack cementation process for the formation of refractory metal modified aluminide coatings on nickel-base superalloys

The vapour phase compositions of a series of pack powder mixtures containing elemental Al and Hf or W powders as depositing sources and CrCl₃·6H₂O or AlF₃or CrF₃as activators were analysed in an attempt to further develop the pack cementation process to codeposit Al and Hf or W to form diffusion coatings on nickel base superalloys. The results suggested that Al could be codeposited with Hf, but not with W, from the vapour phase. Compared with both AlF₃and CrF₃, CrCl₃·6H₂O has been shown to be a more suitable activator for codepositing Al with Hf. The optimum coating temperature was identified to be in the range of 1050°C to 1150°C. Based on the thermochemical analysis, a series of coating deposition studies were undertaken, which confirmed that codeposition of Al and Hf could be achieved at a deposition temperature of 1100°C in the CrCl₃·6H₂O activated packs containing elemental Al and Hf powders. The coating obtained had a multilayer structure consisting of a Ni₇Hf₆Al₁₆top layer and a NiAl layer underneath, followed by a diffusion zone, which revealed that the coating was formed by the outward Ni diffusion. It is suggested that the compositions suitable for codeposition of Al and Hf could be effectively identified by comparing the vapour pressures of HfCl₄and HfCl₃with that of AlCl in the packs activated by chloride salts. It has also been experimentally demonstrated that, although W could not be deposited from the vapour phase, a high volume of fine W particles can be entrapped into the outer NiAl coating layer formed by the outward Ni diffusion using a modified pack configuration. This leads to the formation of a composite coating layer with W particles evenly distributed in a matrix of NiAl. It is suggested that this modified pack process could be similarly applied to develop nickel aluminide coatings containing other refractory metals that may not be codeposited with Al from the vapour phase.