Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network for Broadcast Transmission

This paper addresses the problem of optimal resource allocation in a multi-hop cognitive radio networks. The objective of the present work is to search for the shortest possible path from the source to the destination and explores the scope of the Bellman–Ford and the Dijkstra’s algorithms due to their low runtime complexity and ease of implementation in routing. Searching for the shortest path focuses on minimization to the outage probability, while satisfying simultaneously the limits of the total transmit power and the interference threshold to the primary user (PU). Fuzzy c-means clustering is used to speed up the route selection process for both the routing algorithms. Network lifetime is also studied for both the algorithms considering the link failure situation. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only minimizes the outage probability over the existing power allocation strategies but also reduces interference to the PU. Results also show that network lifetime is increased and faster route selection is possible.     

Electrically conductive polycarbonate/ethylene‐propylene copolymer/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties

In this article, the effect of Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC) toughened with cross‐linked ethylene‐propylene copolymer (EPC) was investigated. The solubility parameters of the PC and EPC were calculated using Hoy methods to clarify the miscibility of the polymer blends. It could be concluded that in the cooled state, the blends form a heterogeneous structure with two separate phases. The tensile, flexural, impact toughness properties of the PC/EPC blend and PC/EPC/MWCNT nanocomposites were carried out to illuminate the optimum concentration of polymer blends and MWCNTs. The 335% increment for the impact strength results appeared with combination of 10% EPC in the PC matrix. The flexural modulus and strength of PC/EPC blend increased by 75.1% and 59.1%, respectively. The Nielsen model was performed to fit the best curve of theoretical simulation to experimental results for elastomeric dispersed in the plastic matrix. Halpin‐Tsai model was applied to estimate the stiffness of nanocomposites blends with different volume fraction and aspect ratio of MWCNTs in the PC/EPC blends. Finally, in the presence of MWCNTs, all nanocomposite samples were semi‐conducting and the percolation threshold of the PC/EPC (10%) blends was between 0.5% and 1.0% MWCNTs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44661.     

Novel concept of polymers preparation with high photoluminescent quantum yield

A series carbazolyl-containing polymers were synthesized by anionic polymerization of various oxiranes and methyl methacrylate. The polymerization was carried out using as initiator carbazylpotassium activated 18-crown-6 in THF. The polymers were prepared and found using size exclusion chromatography to have a degree of polymerization (DP_n) about 20 relatively and low dispersity in the range of 1.07–1.66. Their optical properties were investigated by means of UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The obtained polymers emitted light with maximum emission about 370 nm and high quantum yield ranging up to 79 %. Thus, it was confirmed that the utilization of fluorophore initiator for polymerization of non photoresponsive monomers is quite efficient for the preparation of photoluminescent polymers.     

Dynamics of lead immobilization in sulfate reducing biofilms

We have evaluated the effects of selected minerals present in subsoil environment on the efficiency of lead removal from contaminated groundwaters using biofilms composed of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, and examined the stability of metal deposits after the biofilms had been temporarily exposed to the air. To quantify the studied effects, lead was immobilized in biofilms of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans grown anaerobically in two flat-plate flow reactors, one filled with hematite and the other with quartz. While the biofilms in both reactors were heterogeneous and consisted of voids and channels, the biofilms grown on hematite were denser, thicker, and more porous than those grown on quartz. The average H₂S concentrations, measured using microelectrodes, were higher in the biofilms grown on quartz than those measured in the biofilms grown on hematite. During 18 weeks of operation, iron was continuously released from the hematite. Lead was immobilized more efficiently in the biofilms grown on quartz than it was in the biofilms grown on hematite. Lead deposits were partially reoxidized, especially in biofilms grown on hematite, and the biofilms in both reactors responded to the presence of oxygen by lowering their density and increasing the H₂S production rate.     

Denitrification by packed bed reactors in the presence of chromium(VI): Resistance to inhibition

The effect of chromium Cr⁶⁺ on bacterial denitrification was investigated. The long-term influence of chromium presence was observed in packed bed reactors using methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, iso-butanol and n-pentanol as the carbon and energy sources for denitrifiers. Short-term influence was investigated by the inhibition coefficient K_i determination within activated sludge under anoxic conditions. The measured inhibition constant K_i was equal to 84.2 mg l^?1 Cr⁶⁺, independently of the kind of organic compound utilized as the electron donor for the bacterial system. The concepts of the reactor resistance to inhibition (RRI) and the resistance to inhibition (RI) have been evaluated.     

Immobilization of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn) in the mineral additions containing concrete composites

The presented work determines the level of heavy metals (Pb+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Cr+6, Cd+2, Mn+2) immobilization in the composites produced using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as well as of binders containing large amount of mineral additives in its composition-siliceous fly ash (FA), fluidized bed combustion ash (FFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Heavy metals were introduced to cementitious materials in the form of soluble salts as well as components of hazardous wastes (medical ash, metallurgical dust). It has been stated, that the level of heavy metals immobilization is combined with composites composition. Majority of analyzed heavy metals, added to binders' composition in the form of heavy metal salts achieves high level of immobilization, in mortar based on binder with 85% GGBFS and 15% OPC. The lowest immobilization level was reached for chromium Cr+6 added to hardening mortars as Na2Cr2O72H2O. The level ranges from 85.97% in mortars made on blended binder (20% OPC, 30% FFA and 50% GGBFS) to 93.33% in mortar produced on OPC. The increase of the so-called immobilization degree with time of hardened material maturing was found. This should be attributed to the pozzolanic or pozzolanic/hydraulic properties of components used; their effect on microstructure of hardened material is also important. Mineral additions enter the hydration reactions in the mixtures and favor the formation of specific microstructure promoting the immobilization of hazardous elements.     

Q2 Symbolic Reasoning about Noisy Dynamic Systems

Symbolic reasoning about continuous dynamic systems requires consistent qualitative abstraction functions and a consistent symbolic model. Classically, symbolic reasoning systems have utilized a box partition of the system space to achieve qualitative abstraction, but boxes can not provide a consistent abstraction. Our Q2 methodology abstracts a provably consistent symbolic representation of noise-free general dynamic systems. However, the Q2 symbolic representation has not been previously evaluated for efficacy in the presence of noise. We evaluate the effects of noise on Q2 symbolic reasoning in the domain of maneuver detection. We demonstrate how the Q2 methodology derives a symbolic abstraction of a general dynamic system model used in evaluating maneuver detectors. Simulation results represented by ROC curves show that the Q2 based maneuver detector is superior to a box-based detector. While no method is consistent in the presence of noise, the Q2 methodology is superior to the classic box's approach for deriving qualitative decisions about noisy dynamic systems.     

News or social media? Socio-economic divide of mobile service consumption

Reliable and timely information on socio-economic status and divides is critical to social and economic research and policing. Novel data sources from mobile communication platforms have enabled new cost-effective approaches and models to investigate social disparity, but their lack of interpretability, accuracy or scale has limited their relevance to date. We investigate the divide in digital mobile service usage with a large dataset of 3.7 billion time-stamped and geo-referenced mobile traffic records in a major European country, and find profound geographical unevenness in mobile service usage—especially on news, e-mail, social media consumption and audio/video streaming. We relate such diversity with income, educational attainment and inequality, and reveal how low-income or low-education areas are more likely to engage in video streaming or social media and less in news consumption, information searching, e-mail or audio streaming. The digital usage gap is so large that we can accurately infer the socio-economic status of a small area or even its Gini coefficient only from aggregated data traffic. Our results make the case for an inexpensive, privacy-preserving, real-time and scalable way to understand the digital usage divide and, in turn, poverty, unemployment or economic growth in our societies through mobile phone data.     

A Comparison of the Effect of Lead (Pb) on the Slow Vacuolar (SV) and Fast Vacuolar (FV) Channels in Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Taproot Vacuoles

Little is known about the effect of lead on the activity of the vacuolar K⁺ channels. Here, the patch-clamp technique was used to compare the impact of lead (PbCl₂) on the slow-activating (SV) and fast-activating (FV) vacuolar channels. It was revealed that, under symmetrical 100-mM K⁺, the macroscopic currents of the SV channels exhibited a typical slow activation and a strong outward rectification of the steady-state currents, while the macroscopic currents of the FV channels displayed instantaneous currents, which, at the positive potentials, were about three-fold greater compared to the one at the negative potentials. When PbCl₂ was added to the bath solution at a final concentration of 100 µM, it decreased the macroscopic outward currents of both channels but did not change the inward currents. The single-channel recordings demonstrated that cytosolic lead causes this macroscopic effect by a decrease of the single-channel conductance and decreases the channel open probability. We propose that cytosolic lead reduces the current flowing through the SV and FV channels, which causes a decrease of the K⁺ fluxes from the cytosol to the vacuole. This finding may, at least in part, explain the mechanism by which cytosolic Pb²⁺ reduces the growth of plant cells.