Microtensile bond strength testing of resin cements

To investigate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and failure mode of resin cements bonded to ceramic blocks following various surface treatments.Seventy-two Ceramco II (Ceramco lnc., Burlington, NJ) ceramic discs 10 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick were prepared. The ceramic specimens received 8 different surface conditions treatments before the application of resin cement. These surface treatments were sanding with 600-grit silicon carbide paper, microetching with aluminum oxide, sanding followed by silane application, microetching followed by silane application, hydrofluoric acid etching, hydrofluoric acid etching followed by silane application, application of adhesive resin, and combination of the previous two treatments (HF+S+Adh). Seventy-two extracted molars were ground flat at 90° to the long axis of the tooth until a sufficient circular area of dentin was exposed (at least 5 mm in diameter). Three resin cements were applied to these surfaces. After 24 h storage at 37 °C, the non-trimming version of μTBS test was used to produce 1 mm² microbars. The microbars were subjected to a tensile load using a modified testing device.Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance. The interaction between the substrate surface treatment and cement type is significant (p<0.001).The results of this in vitro study suggest that when the tested ceramic restoration is cemented with a resin cement system, the ceramic should be etched with hydrofluoric acid, silane and adhesive should be applied prior to cementation. The results also suggest that an auto- or light-polymerizing cement should be considered instead of a dual-polymerizing cement.     

Aflatoxins in dairy cow feed,raw milk and milk products from Turkey

This study aims to detect aflatoxins (AFs) in dairy cow feed, milk and milk products using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. All the validation parameters met the method performance criteria of the European Union. The samples comprised 76 dairy cow feeds and 205 milk and milk products (including yoghurt and yoghurt-based beverage, ayran). AFs were present in 26.3% of the feed samples. Two feed samples exceeded the maximum limit (ML) of 5 µg kg^?1 for AFB₁ as established by the EU. Nineteen milk samples (21.1%) contained aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) of which three exceeded the EU ML of 0.05 µg l^?1. In addition, only two yoghurt samples and one ayran sample contained AFM₁, but the levels were lower than the EU ML.     

Exact numerical solutions for radiative heat transfer in cylindrical furnaces

Exact expressions for the distributions of the components of radiative flux density and the radiative energy source term in terms of wall and medium temperature distributions have been formulated for an emitting absorbing medium of constant properties bounded by black walls of a cylindrical enclosure. The accuracy of numerical solutions has been tested on an idealized enclosure for which exact analytical solution of the expressions is possible and shown to have six-figure accuracy. The exact expressions have then been solved numerically for an enclosure problem based on data reported previously on a large scale experimental furnace. The principal feature of the data is highly non-uniform temperature distributions which are typical of the conditions encountered in industrial furnaces. These data have been chosen because of their practical importance and the non-availability of exact solutions for such data. The resulting exact solutions have been tabulated and are intended to serve in the future as standards for testing the accuracy of the approximate predictions produced using various three-dimensional flux models in cylindrical configurations.     

Fluctuations of sex-related self-attributions as a function of stage of family life cycle.

In a cross-sectional study, sex-related self-attributions of 426 women and 378 men were assessed at 8 stages in the family life cycle. It was hypothesized that sex differences are not fixed in adulthood but fluctuate according to the demand characteristics of various life situations. Factor analysis of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory yielded 9 factors, providing a more precise evaluation of how desirable and undesirable aspects of instrumentality and expressivity vary throughout adulthood. The majority of effects were related to stage of family life and not age. On 1-way ANOVA, compassion and tenderness showed stage-of-life effects for both sexes, but autonomy and leadership showed effects only for men. Cross-sex-typed attributes were prominent during grandparenthood, with a rise in expressiveness for men and a rise in autonomy for women. Men were more autonomous and less acquiescent than women during expectancy and young parenthood but not at other stages. Women showed more tenderness than men at all stages except among the married-childless and grandparents. There were few sex differences across the different states of life in nonassertiveness and social inhibitions. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An introduction to vague complemented ordered sets

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a theory of fuzzily defined complement operations on nonempty sets equipped with fuzzily defined ordering relations. Many-valued equivalence relation-based fuzzy ordering relations (also called vague ordering relations) provide a powerful and a comprehensive mathematical modelling of fuzzily defined partial ordering relations. For this reason, starting with a nonempty set X equipped with a many-valued equivalence relation and a vague ordering relation, a fuzzily defined complement operation (called a vague complement operation) on X will be formulated by means of the underling many-valued equivalence relation and vague ordering relation. Because of the fact that the practical implementations of vague complement operations basically depend on their representation properties, a considerable part of this paper is devoted to the representations of vague complement operations. In addition to this, the present paper provides various nontrivial examples for vague complements, and introduces a many-valued logical interpretation of quantum logic as a real application of vague complements.     

Identification of bioactive compounds and total phenol contents of cold pressed oils from safflower and camelina seeds

The compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, and the total phenol contents of cold pressed oils obtained from five varieties of safflower seeds and ten varieties of camelina seeds cultivated in Turkey were determined. Total phenol contents of safflower oils were higher (272.20–525.30 mg GAE/kg) than camelina seed oils (25.90–63.70 mg GAE/kg). Apigenin, luteolin, tyrosol, syringic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were detected in seed oils. Camelina seed oils were rich in tocopherol (144.11–168.69 mg/100 g). γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in camelina seed oils consisting of averagely 80% of total tocopherol, while α-tocopherol was the main compound of safflower seed oils, representing 97.85–98.53% of total tocopherols. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in both type of seed oils. Its concentration ranged between 92.51–121.83 mg/100 g and 80.52–25.54 mg/100 g in safflower seed and camelina oils, respectively. Camelina seed oils contained 22.31–26.57% linolenic acid, 21.25–24.05% linoleic acid and 19.46–21.47% oleic acid, whereas safflower seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic (28.03–76.85%) and oleic (13.01–62.61%) acids.     

Determination of Physicochemical Properties,Fatty Acid,Tocopherol, Sterol,and Phenolic Profiles of Expeller–Pressed Poppy Seed Oils from Turkey

In this study, the aim was to characterize the physicochemical properties and some bioactive compounds of expeller-pressed oils of five registered poppy seed varieties (TMO–1, Ofis–8, Ofis–96, Ofis–95, Ofis–3) grown in Turkey. The amounts of total carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenols, and antioxidant activities of oils ranged between 0.08–0.24 mg 100 g⁻¹, 0.03–9.04 mg pheophytin a kg⁻¹, 3.41–8.57 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g⁻¹, and 5.60–7.33 mM Trolox equivalent 100 g⁻¹, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid in poppy seed oils was linoleic acid (69.85–74.02%), followed by oleic acid (13.98–16.99%), and palmitic acid (8.51–9.75%). In addition, poppy seed oils were rich in β–sitosterol (133.47–153.42 mg 100 g⁻¹), campesterol (45.36–58.60 mg 100 g⁻¹), and δ–5–avenasterol (28.21–39.40 mg 100 g⁻¹). High amounts of γ–tocopherol and α–tocopherol were detected. This research is the first study, which identified and quantified the polyphenol, β–carotene, and lutein compounds of expeller–pressed poppy seed oils by HPLC. Tyrosol, apigenin, syringic acid, 3–hydroxytyrosol, luteolin, p–coumaric acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and veratric acid were detected in expeller-pressed poppy seed oils.