Retarding Thermal Degradation in Hybrid Perovskites by Ionic Liquid Additives

Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in the development of solar cells based on lead halide perovskite materials. However, their intrinsic instability remains a limitation. In this context, the interplay between the thermal degradation and the hydrophobicity of perovskite materials is investigated. To this end, the salt 1‐(4‐ethenylbenzyl)‐3‐(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐tridecafluorooctylimidazolium iodide (ETI), is employed as an additive in hybrid perovskites, endowing the photoactive materials with high thermal stability and hydrophobicity. The ETI additive inhibits methylammonium (MA) permeation in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) occurring due to intrinsic thermal degradation, by inhibiting out‐diffusion of the MA⁺ cation, preserving the pristine material and preventing decomposition. With this simple approach, high efficiency solar cells based on the unstable MAPbI₃ perovskite are markedly stabilized under maximum power point tracking, leading to greater than twice the preserved efficiency after 700 h of continuous light illumination and heating (60 °C). These results suggest a strategy to tackle the intrinsic thermal decomposition of MAI, an essential component in all state‐of‐the‐art perovskite compositions.     

A Strategy to Produce High Efficiency,High Stability Perovskite Solar Cells Using Functionalized Ionic Liquid‐Dopants

Functionalized imidazolium iodide salts (ionic liquids) modified with ? CH₂? CH?CH₂, ? CH₂C?CH, or ? CH₂C?N groups are applied as dopants in the synthesis of CH₃NH₃PbI₃‐type perovskites together with a fumigation step. Notably, a solar cell device prepared from the perovskite film doped with the salt containing the ? CH₂? CH?CH₂ side‐chain has a power conversion efficiency of 19.21%, which is the highest efficiency reported for perovskite solar cells involving a fumigation step. However, doping with the imidazolium salts with the ? CH₂C?CH and ? CH₂C?N groups result in perovskite layers that lead to solar cell devices with similar or lower power conversion efficiencies than the dopant‐free cell.     

机械零部件失效浅析

介绍了机械零部件的失效形式以及失效分析的具体方法,并结合典型的机械零件的失效情况,对其失效的原因和分析步骤进行了讨论,提出了改进措施.     

强实时群机仿真系统硬件平台的研究

本文从仿真发展和群机系统研究现状等方面论述了开发实时仿真群机系统硬件平台的有关问题,并介绍了一种强实时仿真硬件平台ＹＨＳＩＭＳｙｓ的设计。     

热处理对ZCPC-BTMCr20高铬铸铁微观组织和硬度的影响

某厂生产的破碎矿石用锤头,其服役寿命较低,仅20 h左右就因为磨损严重而失效。研究了不同热处理工艺对其组织硬度的影响。结果表明:锤头试样成分接近ZCPC-BTMCr20高铬铸铁,基体为较软的珠光体组织,宏观洛氏硬度仅为41.1 HRC,达不到相关标准要求。经960、985、1010 ℃加热保温,通过控制冷却速度可以得到马氏体或奥氏体基体,基体硬度提高,宏观硬度大于58 HRC。综合分析对于ZCPC-BTMCr20高铬铸铁,建议采用960 ℃空淬+450 ℃回火的热处理制度,其洛氏硬度可达60.1 HRC。     

超声法提取香料烟花蕾多糖及其抗氧化活性

采用正交实验法优化了超声波法提取香料烟花蕾多糖的工艺条件;利用琼脂糖CL-6B层析法对粗多糖进行分离纯化,得到两个组分(Fr-I和Fr-II);分别采用GC(气相色谱法)、FT-IR(傅里叶变换红外光谱法)和TGA(热重分析法)法分析了Fr-I和Fr-II的组成、结构特征和热稳定性;测定了两个组分清除羟基自由基和DPPH自由基的能力。结果表明:①超声波法提取香料烟花蕾多糖的最佳工艺条件为超声功率300 W,液料比30:1(m L/g),70℃提取6 min;此条件下多糖的提取率为2.62%。②Fr-I和Fr-II的分子量分别为181.97和16.27 k Da。③Fr-I和Fr-II两个组分均为杂多糖,其IR光谱显示分别具有α-构型和β-构型。4④TGA结果显示Fr-I和Fr-II的降解温度(T_d)分别为195.7和180.5℃。⑤两个组分均对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基有良好的清除能力;Fr-II比Fr-I的抗氧化能力更强。      

二价铁活化过碳酸钠对磺胺甲唑的去除

近年来,地下水中抗生素等新兴污染物的存在及可能引起的环境健康风险受到日益广泛的关注。作为一种新型氧化剂,过碳酸钠（SPC）对环境友好,不会产生二次污染,具有地下水修复的应用前景。然而,目前尚无SPC对水中抗生素去除效果的研究报道。因此,本文开展了二价铁活化过碳酸钠体系对水中典型抗生素磺胺甲唑（SMX）的去除研究,考察了pH、常见的无机离子和天然有机物对SMX去除的影响。结果表明,随着二价铁和过碳酸钠投加量的增加,SMX的降解效果从45.2%显著提高到91.9%。溶液初始pH对反应的影响不显著,当pH在3~9的范围内,降解效果影响较小,但当pH>10时,反应不再进行。HCO₃^-对反应会产生显著的抑制,当HCO₃^-的浓度为0.6mmol/L时,去除效果即由98.9%下降至38.6%;高浓度的Cl^-对反应略有抑制,当Cl^-浓度达到60mmol/L时,SMX的去除率由98.9%下降到95%;除此以外,包括SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等地表水中常见的离子均对反应无明显影响。腐植酸对该反应体系的影响也较小,只有当腐植酸浓度达到50mg/L后,才会对反应过程产生一定的抑制。     

循环经济理论在机械零件失效修复中的运用

前瞻性地以节约和环保的高新技术修复失效报废的机械零件,符合国家发展循环经济的政策。本文从循环经济的基本概念入手,阐述机械零件修复再利用的实质体现循环经济的基本原则。     

风机性能试验中非线性问题的处理

在处理风机性能试验数据时,质量流量和雷诺数相互耦合,需要迭代求解,此时采用可靠的算法能提高计算精度。为了得到既可靠又方便快捷的算法,基于MATLAB编写了两种程序,用具体实例对两种算法进行了验证对比。结果表明,MATLAB自带的非线性优化函数fsolve能较好地满足需要,而两种方法对比使用也使数据处理结果更具可靠性。