Analysis of annealing and ion implantation effects in Ti/TiN contacts on silicon

The effects of thermal annealing and 350 keV As⁺ ion implantation on interdiffusion processes in a c-Si/Ti/TiN system were analysed. The Ti/TiN contacts were deposited by sputtering (Ti, 100 nm) and by reactive sputtering (TiN, 50 nm) on (111) n-Si wafers. Characterization included RBS, SEM and XRD analysis and electrical measurements. During vacuum annealing, interdiffusion is observed at the Si/Ti interface, where intermixing and growth of silicides takes place at 600° C and at higher temperatures. Annealing in a nitrogen atmosphere induces changes in surface morphology and stoichiometry of TiN, which does not affect the reaction at Si/Ti. Implantation of As⁺ to doses above 3.9 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm² enhances intermixing at the Si/Ti interface during post-implantation annealing, while the TiN overlayer is unaffected in structure and morphology.     

Modification of the shape of large germanium nanoislands on silicon surface by low-energy ion bombardment

Germanium nanoislands on silicon substrates were irradiated by hydrogen and argon ions with energies below 350 eV. In the initial stage, ion bombardment leads to the division of large islands into several small islands irrespective of the ion type. The resulting surface is more homogeneous than the initial and is stable with respect to further ion irradiation.     

Correlation of the angiographic, ophthalmologic and rheoencephalographic indices of the cerebral circulation in severe craniocerebral injuries

The results of a study of cerebral haemodynamisc in 54 patients with severe craniocerebral injuries in the acute period and in the course of the lesion are presented. Ophthalmological, angiographic, and theoehcephalographic examinations were conducted. Distinct cerebral blood flow disorders were revealed in various cerebral vessels, consisting in a considerable increase of their tonicity, even as high as spasm, shifts, decelerations of the blood flow. Correlations between the indices of different methods were established.     

Properties and structure of vitrites from coking coals of the High Silesian Coal Basin

Investigations of the properties and structure of vitrites separated from gas coal type 33 (International class 632), gas-coking coal type 34 (Int. class 634) and orthocoking coals type 35.1 and 35.2 (Int. class 535 and 433) from the High Silesian Coal Basin are presented. Basic differences in properties and structure appear between the vitrite of gas coal and the other vitrites. Vitrites from orthocoking coals are characterized by the highest degree of aromatic unit condensation, the packing of aromatic lamellas and by the highest height of crystallites.The process of continuous thermosolvolysis of these vitrites with chloroform was carried out. Properties and structure of the extracts and extraction residues are also presented. The increase of the aromatic character of the extracts with increase of the rank of the parent vitrites is observed.     

Method for Managing Fuel and Lubricant Performance Requirements

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils - A cost-effective method of managing requirements for the performance properties of fuels and lubricants (FLs) is presented. Performance requirements are...     

Kinetic–Statistical Approach in a Detailed Study of the Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Zinc–Iron-Intermetallic Phase

Kinetic–statistical approach was applied to investigate the mechanism of thermal decomposition of Zinc–Iron-intermetallic phase, as by product from neutral leach residues. In present paper, in order to characterize the tested material, the following experimental techniques were used: Rietveld analysis, scanning electron micrograph and tube furnace sample heating procedure. Based on dependence of Avrami constant in function of effective activation energy, it was found that at T > 950 °C, the process of crystal growth takes place in autocatalytic stage, under the conditions, where rate of nucleation rapidly increases. It was established that high nucleation rate can be attributed to formation of both Zn and Fe rich regions which provide a high number of heterogeneous nucleation sites. It has been proposed that emergence of line defects under ZnO branched crystals can serve as pin-points for secondary nucleation to occur. It was confirmed that increase in temperature in Zn vapor did not result in a decrease of existing in Zn constitutional vacancies.     

Study of heat exchange in centrifugal disk fans

The results of experimental study of the centrifugal disk fan (CDF) heat exchange under atmospheric pressure, the working gas being air, are presented. The heat exchange characteristics for the CDF at different rotor speed and disk heating temperatures are obtained.     

Applicability of European landscape typology in Turkey (Çakırlar Watershed case/Antalya)

The aim of this study is to put forward Turkey as a case study of the applicability of the European approach to landscape characterisation studies at the local scale within the context of the European Landscape Convention. For this purpose, a classification of landscape types with the help of LANMAP typology is suggested at the European scale in a basin in Turkey where there are obvious differences in terms of landscape characteristics. In particular, this study examines the usability of a countrywide thematic database when making this classification. It is understood that a mapping system as well as a common nomenclature of types of land covered at the country scale is insufficient for the suggested methodology for Europe. Later, results of the continuation of a classification system at the local scale for landscape characterisation are discussed, and some deficiencies of LANMAP when characterising the landscapes at this scale are mentioned.