Ideally selective diisocyanate building blocks: New perspectives for dendrimers and coating binders

Using zirconium (IV) salts as catalyst, the reaction of a diisocyanate carrying one tertiary and one primary isocyanate group (IMCI, DIMP) with alcohols can be conducted with complete regioselectivity. This unique selectivity enables the use of a diisocyanate building block in unprecedented ways. Incomplete regioselectivity of diisocyanates, as commonly encountered in currently commercial ones like IPDI and TDI, inevitably leads to polydisperse products in reaction with polyols. The ultimate monodisperse polymer architecture, dendrimers, can now be made in a facile, straightforward manner using IMCI as the ideal diisocyanate building block. Coating applications of this unique building block are not restricted to these perfect branching polymers, but also include isocyanate-functional coating resins. Without any increase in polydispersity, a hydroxyl-functional polyester can be end-capped with the IMCI diisocyanate and subsequently serve as a crosslinker in powder coatings.     

Noise modeling for RF CMOS circuit simulation

The RF noise in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology has been measured and modeled. In contrast to some other groups, we find only a moderate enhancement of the drain current noise for short-channel MOSFETs. The gate current noise on the other hand is more significantly enhanced, which is explained by the effects of the gate resistance. The experimental results are modeled with a nonquasi-static RF model, based on channel segmentation, which is capable of predicting both drain and gate current noise accurately. Experimental evidence is shown for two additional noise mechanisms: 1) avalanche noise associated with the avalanche current from drain to bulk and 2) shot noise in the direct-tunneling gate leakage current. Additionally, we show low-frequency noise measurements, which strongly point toward an explanation of the 1/f noise based on carrier trapping, not only in n-channel MOSFETs, but also in p-channel MOSFETs.     

A kinetic model for the acid-oxygen pressure leaching of Ni–Cu matte

A semi-empirical mathematical model for the acid-oxygen pressure leaching of Ni–Cu matte is presented, based on data from batch leaching experiments. The primary controlling factor in the leaching process is found to be galvanic inhibition of the more highly oxidized copper and nickel sulfide species by less oxidized species, particularly Ni alloy and Ni₃S₂. The leaching rate of many species is greatly reduced by the presence of one or both of these phases, and others will not commence leaching until neither is present. The mathematical model is based on first-order chemical reaction controlled rate expressions, as the reactions occurring are electrochemical in nature. Mass transfer effects are included only empirically. Some possibly diffusion-related phenomena are noted, although the model is not extended to incorporate these effects on a fundamental level. The model is verified and extended by the inclusion of several different factors that were tested experimentally. The effects of variations in O₂ flow rate and partial pressure, initial particle size, reaction pulp density and initial acid concentration were all studied, and included in the model. Variations in O₂ flow rate and partial pressure are found to affect the reaction rates via the dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution phase.     

Ethernet-based passive optical local-area networks for fiber-to-the-desk application

We introduce optical local-area network (LAN) architectures based on multimode optical fiber and components, short wavelength lasers and detectors, and the widely used fast Ethernet protocol. These architectures are designed to lower the costs associated with passive optical LAN implementation. Further reduction in overall cost is achieved through decreased network downtime, lower maintenance cost, extended geometrical spans, and larger headroom for future capacity increase. These optically transparent networks represent a novel approach for implementing fiber-to-the-desk.     

Structure determination of CaMgGeO4

The crystal structure of CaMgGeO₄ is described. CaMgGeO₄, M_r = 200.9, orthorhombic, Pnam, A = 11.285(5) Å, B = 5.016(2) Å, C = 6.435(2) Å, V = 364.36 ų, Dx = 3.664 Mg/m³.λ(MoK_a = 0.71069 Å, F(000) = 384, room temperature, final R = 0.045 for 1752 observed reflections. The structure is isomorphous with CaMgSiO₄ (monticellite).     

Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion.

Laboratory analog studies investigated the theory that narcissism and reactance contribute to causing rape. In Study 1, narcissism correlated positively with rape-supportive beliefs and negatively with empathy for rape victims. In Study 2, narcissists reported more enjoyment than other men of film depictions that presented consensual, affectionate activity followed by rape (but not in response to either affection or rape alone). In Study 3, narcissists were more punitive than other men toward a female confederate who refused to read a sexually arousing passage aloud to them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prognostic significance of color Doppler findings in head and neck tumors

This summary of the practice parameters describes the assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults who present with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The rationales for specific recommendations are based on a review of the scientific literature and clinical consensus which is contained in the complete document. Assessment includes clinical interviews with the child and parents and standardized rating scales from parent and teachers. Testing of intelligence and academic achievement is usually required. Comorbidity is common. The cornerstones of treatment are support and education of parents, appropriate school placement, and psychopharmacology. The primary medications are psychostimulants, but antidepressants and alpha-adrenergic agonists are used in special circumstances. Other treatments such as behavior modification, school consultation, family therapy, and group therapy address remaining symptoms.     

Hip impact velocities and body configurations for voluntary falls from standing height

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of various pheno- and genotypes of Serpulina sp in young pigs in relation to diarrhea and feed medication in Swedish pig-rearing herds. DESIGN: Isolation of spirochetes. Phenotypical and genotypical classification. SAMPLE POPULATION: Young pigs (n = 358) in 19 pigrearing herds. PROCEDURE: Serpulina isolates were classified according to a biochemical scheme based on hemolysis, indole production, hippurate hydrolysis, and alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-glucosidase activities. The 16S rRNA sequences for 10 of the field strains and 2 type strains of Serpulina spp were aligned and compared. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of olaquindox for 9 of the strains were determined. RESULTS: Weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochetes (WBHIS) were isolated from 17 of the herds and 65% of the samples. More than 1 phenotype of WBHIS was found in 12 of the 19 herds. S hyodysenteriae was not isolated in any of the herds. Hippurate-positive WBHIS were isolated in 6 of 7 herds affected by diarrhea, but in only 1 of 8 herds without diarrhea. Hippurate-positive strains were closely related to the pathogenic strain P43 if judged from sequence comparisons. Strains with the same biochemical profile isolated within a herd had identical sequences, but when isolated from different herds, sequence differences were observed. The prevalence of WBHIS was reduced in herds medicated with olaquindox. Investigated field strains had minimum inhibitory concentration values < or = 1 microgram/ml for olaquindox. CONCLUSION: The presence of WBHIS, with the ability to hydrolyze hippurate, was related to diarrhea in pig herds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Potentially pathogenic WBHIS can be distinguished from nonpathogenic strains by the hippurate hydrolysis test.     

Effect of guanine nucleotides and temperature on calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor binding sites in brain and peripheral tissues

Recent data have suggested the existence of at least two major classes of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in brain and peripheral tissues [Henke et al., Brain Res., 410 (1987) 404-408; Dennis et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251 (1989) 718-725; ibid, 254 (1990) 123-128; Quirion et al., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 657 (1992) 88-105]. However, little is currently known in the structure characteristics of CGRP receptors as cloning as yet to be reported. In the present study, the sensitivity of [125I]humanCGRP alpha binding to guanine nucleotides and temperature was investigated in guinea pig atria (prototypical CGRP1 tissue) guinea pig vas deferens (prototypical CGRP2 tissue) and in the rat brain and cerebellum (mixed assay). Binding isotherms of [125I]hCGRP alpha in those four tissue preparations were curvilinear and best fitted to a two-site model under most assay conditions. The high affinity binding component was highly temperature-sensitive and accounted, under experimental conditions, for up to 18% of the total population of receptors. Moreover, these high affinity sites were also highly sensitive to guanine nucleotides (Gpp(NH)p, 100 microM) in all preparations although to a different extend depending upon assay temperatures. Taken together, this suggests that the different CGRP receptor subtypes present in these tissue all belong to a G-protein coupled receptor family.     

Cognitive shifting as a predictor of progress in social understanding in high-functioning adolescents with autism: a prospective study

The pyrolytic behavior of inulin, a (2-->1)-linked fructofuranan, is described. Parallel investigations of the pyrolysis of glucose and of fructose were conducted to supplement the inulin results and to aid comparison with previous results from glucans. Effects of neutral and basic additives are emphasized. As with glucans, the addition of such additives (especially basic) increases the yields of the one-, two-, and three-carbon products (as well as of hexosaccharinolactones), while generally decreasing the yields of anhydro sugar and furan derivatives. The former products include glycolaldehyde, acetol, dihydroxy-acetone, acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid. Mechanistic speculations are made regarding the origins of these compounds, as well as of furan derivatives and saccharinic acid lactones. Parallels with alkaline degradation are considered.