Hierarchical Evolution of High Definition Television

This paper presents an economically attractive system for the hierarchical evolution of High Definition Television (HDTV) compatible with the NTSC installed base. It describes the two main signals of this system: HDMAC-60 and HDNTSC. The first, HDMAC-60, is a feeder signal for use between the program origination and program redistribution points, and used also as a DBS emission format. The second, HDNTSC, is a delivery signal for high definition terrestrial broadcast, CATV distribution and VCR plus laser video disc applications. We propose this emission system as a means for transmitting HDTV pictures to consumers on the North American continent.     

Photoelectrochemically Studying the Formation of Oxide Films on Titanium Alloys with Cobalt, Chromium, and Copper

The regularities of oxide film formation on Ti50Co, Ti45Cr, and Ti50Cu alloys are voltammetrically studied in boric-borate-buffer and sodium sulfate solutions at temperatures of 25 and 50°C with concurrently measuring the photocurrents. The band gaps of the films are determined.     

Measurement-based network monitoring and inference: scalability andmissing information

Using measurements collected at network monitors to infer network conditions is a promising approach for network-centric monitoring. In this context, an important question arises: given the number and locations of network monitors, how much network management resources (e.g., the number of measurements) are needed to obtain an accurate estimate of network states? We define the scalability of measurement-based network monitoring as the growth rate of the number of measurements required for accurate network monitoring/inference with respect to the size of a network. We develop a framework for investigating the scalability in the context of multicast inference with the monitors at the edges of a network. In such a framework, network monitoring/inference can be formulated as probability density estimation of network states. The growth rate is characterized through the sample complexity, which is the number of measurements needed to accurately estimate the density. The missing data framework is introduced to estimate the growth rate, where the missing data reflect unavailable measurements at the unobservable nodes without resident monitors, and the underlying nodal packet losses. We show that when the missing information is mainly due to the number of unobservable nodes, the number of measurements needed grows linearly with the size of the network, and the measurement-based inference approach is, thus, scalable. When the missing information is mainly due to the underlying nodal packet losses, the number of measurements needed grows faster than linear with the size of the network, and the measurement-based inference approach is, thus, not scalable. Our results provide guidelines for accessing feasibility of the measurement-based inference approach, and the number of probes required. We give numerical examples to illustrate some of our results     

ENHANCEMENT OF DRYING RATES FOR SLAB-LIKE MATERIALS IN A FLUIDIZED DESICCANT DRYING MEDIUM

The kinetics of drying of slab-like materials in- mersed in a fluidized bed of silica gel particles at a relatively low temperature, 30 °C, is studied. As a re- sult of desiccant particle action large surface-to-bed moisture fluxes and, consequently, large drying rates are attained. For all examined materials (cardboard, veneer, asbestos and ceramic plates) the drying times in the desiccant fluidized bed are much shorter than those in the empty apparatus with the same air flow, temperature and humidity. A simple, diffusional model of the drying based upon a mean mass capacity concept is developed. The drying curves calculated from the model are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and neutral lipids during embryonic and early larval development in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus,L.)

The fatty acid compositions of total polar and total neutral lipids of Atlantic herring eggs and larvae were determined immediately before fertilization, after fertilization and at various times during subsequent embryonic and early larval development. Within 3 hr after fertilization the percentage of total PUFA in neutral lipid decreased from 33% to 20%, with a reciprocal increase in monoenes. Thereafter the percentage of PUFA in the neutral lipids increased progressively, attaining the original level in ripe eggs by the time of yolk sac absorption. During the larval stages the percentage of PUFA continued to increase in the neutral lipid, reaching almost 44% of the total by day 32 after fertilization, although it was reduced to 32% by day 36. The percentage of monoenes in the neutral lipid displayed a progressive decrease during the whole period of development from 3 hr after fertilization. Throughout all the developmental periods the fatty acid composition of total polar lipids remained essentially constant. The polar lipids of the yolk sac displayed virtually the same fatty acid composition as the larval bodies, but the neutral lipids of the yolk sac were low in PUFA compared to the larval bodies. The results are discussed with reference to changes in lipid class composition during development. The conservation of high levels of PUFA in lipids during embryogenesis and early larval development reflects the importance of these fatty acids during development.     

Spontaneous emulsification aspect of enhanced oil recovery

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of spontaneous emulsification as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The discussions have, however, remained essentially qualitative. A study was therefore undertaken to estimate quantitatively the contribution of spontaneous emulsification as an EOR mechanism. The tests were conducted on several bulk liquid/liquid systems as well as by displacement experiments in unconsolidated synthetic sand packs. Spontaneous emulsification was found to be a mechanism for EOR: the estimated extra contribution to EOR due to this mechanism was found to be significant in laboratory scale displacement experiments. Tertiary recovery was always greater when spontaneous emulsification was evident than otherwise. Results of tests on bulk liquid/liquid systems indicate that the occurrence or absence of spontaneous emulsification can be correlated with the values of ‘partition parameter’. It may be concluded that higher oil recoveries may be achieved in chemical EOR processes where interface mass transfer (and the accompanying spontaneous emulsification) occurs. The evaluation of efficiency of residual oil mobilisation through the capillary number theory (with and without spontaneous emulsification) is also discussed. Displacement tests with spontaneously emulsifying systems showed that residual oil left behind a conventional waterflood was mobilised in a range of capillary numbers much less than that which applies to low-tension waterfloods.     

Radiation safety of a population inhabiting the area where a nuclear facility is situated

Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 81–83, August, 1989.