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131.
132.
It is now generally recognized that cell growth conditions in nature are often suboptimal compared to controlled conditions provided in the laboratory. Natural stresses like starvation and acidity are generated by cell growth itself. Other stresses like temperature or osmotic shock, or oxygen, are imposed by the environment. It is now clear that defense mechanisms to withstand different stresses must be present in all organisms. The exploration of stress responses in lactic acid bacteria has just begun. Several stress response genes have been revealed through homologies with known genes in other organisms. While stress response genes appear to be highly conserved, however, their regulation may not be. Thus, search of the regulation of stress response in lactic acid bacteria may reveal new regulatory circuits. The first part of this report addresses the available information on stress response in Lactococcus lactis. Acid stress response may be particularly important in lactic acid bacteria, whose growth and transition to stationary phase is accompanied by the production of lactic acid, which results in acidification of the media, arrest of cell multiplication, and possible cell death. The second part of this report will focus on progress made in acid stress response, particularly in L. lactis and on factors which may affect its regulation. Acid tolerance is presently under study in L. lactis. Our results with strain MG1363 show that it survives a lethal challenge at pH 4.0 if adapted briefly (5 to 15 minutes) at a pH between 4.5 and 6.5. Adaptation requires protein synthesis, indicating that acid conditions induce expression of newly synthesized genes. These results show that L. lactis possesses an inducible response to acid stress in exponential phase. To identify possible regulatory genes involved in acid stress response, we determined low pH conditions in which MG1363 is unable to grow, and selected at 37 degrees C for transposition insertional mutants which were able to survive. About thirty mutants resistant to low pH conditions were characterized. The interrupted genes were identified by sequence homology with known genes. One insertion interrupts ahrC, the putative regulator of arginine metabolism; possibly, increased arginine catabolism in the mutant produces metabolites which increase the pH. Several other mutations putatively map at some step in the pathway of (p)ppGpp synthesis. Our results suggest that the stringent response pathway, which is involved in starvation and stationary phase survival, may also be implicated in acid pH tolerance. 相似文献
133.
N Usui S Kamata S Ishikawa T Sawai H Okuyama K Imura A Okada 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,31(2):258-262
Bone marrow examination revealed a lipid-laden histiocytosis in seven patients undergoing long-term total parenteral nutrition necessitated by extensive short-bowel surgical resection. Clinical abnormalities occurred during this treatment which required bone marrow examination. These included hepatosplenomegaly and peripheral blood cytopenia; the median time to the detection of these abnormalities was 64 months. The most striking change within the bone marrow was the presence of many pigment-laden histiocytes which had the typical morphology of sea-blue histiocytes seen in the so-called idiopathic sea-blue histiocyte syndrome. The occurrence of sea-blue histiocytosis in the bone marrow in association with long-term parenteral nutrition for short-bowel syndrome has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously and should now be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone marrow sea-blue histiocytosis. 相似文献
134.
High division of the brachial artery was observed in two cadavers, during routine dissection of upper extremities. In the first case, the brachial artery of the right upper extremity was divided into its two terminal branches immediately after passing between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve and just below the origin of the profunda brachii artery. The lateral branch was the radial artery, located in the space normally occupied by the brachial artery and the medial one was the ulnar artery. In the second case, the brachial artery was divided into its two terminal branches just below the origin of the profunda brachii artery. Accurate knowledge of the relationships and course of these major arterial conduits and particularly of their variational patterns, is of considerable practical importance in the conduct of reperative surgery in the arm, forearm and hand. 相似文献
135.
This investigation focuses on the correlation between the crystallographic orientation of grains with respect to magnetic
properties in Co-Cr films. Based on a distribution measured for the (0002) crystallographic pole densities, modified formulae
describing the texture were used to calculate the coercivity Hc, the squareness ratio Rs (Mr⊥/TMs) and the anisotropy field
Ha for Co-Cr films. In general, calculated values for the coercive force He agreed well with the measured values. The calculated
Rs⊥. values were much larger than the measured ones, however, indicating that the influence of the demagnetizing field and
the magnetostriction on the orientation of the magnetization cannot be neglected.
On leave from Institute of Computing Technology, Academia Sinica, P.O.Box 2704-6, Beijing, P.R. China. 相似文献
136.
Auld B.A. Chimenti D.E. Shull P.J. 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1996,43(2):319-325
The transverse resonance approach to guided wave analysis is applied to shear horizontal (SH) wave propagation in periodically layered composites. It is found for SH waves that at high values of the guided wavevector β, the wave energy is trapped in the slower of the two media and propagates accordingly at the slower wavespeed. At low values of β, however, the modes demonstrate a clustering behavior, indicative of the underlying Floquet wave structure. The number of modes in a cluster is observed to correlate with the number of unit cells in the layered plate. New physical insights into the behavior of these systems are obtained by analyzing the partial waves of the guided SH modes in terms of Floquet waves. We show that the fast and slow shear waves in the periodically layered composite play an analogous role to the longitudinal and shear partial waves comprising Lamb waves in a homogeneous plate 相似文献
137.
138.
139.
M. A. Lotonov 《Measurement Techniques》1996,39(11):1083-1091
It is proved that biased estimates of parameters are always more effective than unbiased estimates in the case of asymmetric
distribution laws of random quantities. Expressions are obtained for the root mean square deviation of a biased estimate of
a parameter from its value for the cases of normal, Poisson, Rayleigh, and gamma distribution laws.
Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika No. 11, pp. 8–13, November, 1996. 相似文献
140.
A.G. Berkovski G. Chiodi J.-P. Fabre A. Frenkel S.V. Golovkin Yu.I. Gubanov G.N. Kislizkai E.N. Kozarenko I.E. Kreslo A.E. Kushnirenko G. Martellotti D. Mazza A.M. Medvedkov G. Penso 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》1996,380(3):537-543
We present the performance of a high-speed gateable vacuum image pipeline, which permits individual images to be delayed and selected from continuous non-repetitive image stream. This device is composed of a vacuum tube equipped with a photocathode at one end, a phosphor screen at the other end, and a system of metal grids in between. Photoelectrons produced by the images focused on the photocathode, are guided by a uniform magnetic field, parallel to the tube axis. By changing the grid potentials, the drift time of the photoelectrons inside the tube can be varied from 0.35 to 1.5 μs. An image can then be selected by an external trigger with a time resolution in the range of 4–30 ns, depending on the delay time. The selected photoelectrons are finally accelerated onto the phosphor screen, set at 10 kV, where they reproduce the desired image. With a magnetic field of 0.1 T, a spatial resolution of 33 lp/mm was obtained. The high spatial and time resolution make this device an interesting tool for high-energy physics and astrophysics experiments, and for high-speed photography. 相似文献