The postmodernity of football hooliganism

By using a 'cultural' definition of 'postmodernism' (derived from Jameson and Martin) in which postmodernism is regarded as the transgression of modern boundaries, this article traces the emergence of postmodern aspects to violent male fandom at football games since the 1960s. It is argued that at games, male fans have created imaginary masculine and national boundaries by which they have affirmed their identities but that in fighting they have sought to breach these boundaries in postmodern fashion.     

Hemodynamic response to in situ latissimus dorsi muscle stimulation: implications in dynamic cardiomyoplasty

Dynamic cardiomyoplasty (DCM) involves the electrical stimulation of a pedicled latissimus dorsi muscle flap wrapped around the falling ventricle as a means of cardiac assist. To further elucidate a potential neurohumoral mechanism for improvement of cardiac output after myoplasty, we evaluated the hemodynamic effects of in situ stimulation of the latissimus dorsi muscle (in the absence of cardiomyoplasty). In seven mongrel dogs, a nerve cuff electrode (Medtronic 6901) was placed around the left thoracodorsal nerve (TDN). This was attached to a pulse generator (Medtronic, Itrel 7420), delivering a 4.0 volt, 0.19 second on, 0.81 second off, 33 Hz, 210 microsecond pulse width, cyclic bursts similar to that used in DCM. Stroke volume index (SVI) and other hemodynamic parameters as well as plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured at five stages: baseline, stimulator on at 0, 2, and 5 minutes, and stimulator off at 30 minutes after. The animals were then subjected to 4 weeks of rapid pacing at 240 beats/min (Medtronic 8329) to induce heart failure, and as the rapid pacing was discontinued, measurements were repeated as above. After rapid pacing, cardiac function was significantly depressed, and NE was elevated (133 +/- 69 versus 500 +/- 353 pg/mL, p < 0.05). In the normal hearts, TDN stimulation increased SVI, heart rate, systemic pressure, and NE levels. In heart failure, however, no significant changes in cardiac function and NE levels were noted. In conclusion, our data indicate that in the normal hearts, afferent impulses from TDN stimulation alone may augment cardiac function by means of a neurohumoral effect that is not seen in severe heart failure. The implications of these findings in DCM are discussed.     

Role of embB in natural and acquired resistance to ethambutol in mycobacteria

The mycobacterial embCAB operon encodes arabinosyl transferases, putative targets of the antimycobacterial agent ethambutol (EMB). Mutations in embB lead to resistance to EMB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The basis for natural, intrinsic resistance to EMB in nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is not known; neither is the practical implication of resistance to EMB in the absence of embB mutations in M. tuberculosis well understood. The conserved embB resistance-determining region (ERDR) of a collection of 13 strains of NTM and 12 EMB-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis was investigated. Genotypes were correlated with drug susceptibility phenotypes. High-level natural resistance to EMB (MIC, . or =64 microg/ml) was associated with a variant amino acid motif in the ERDR of M. abscessus, M. chelonae, and M. leprae. Transfer of the M. abscessus emb allele to M. smegmatis resulted in a 500-fold increase in the MICs. In M. tuberculosis, embB mutations were associated with MICs of > or =20 microg/ml while resistance not associated with an ERDR mutation generally resulted in MICs of < or =10 microg/ml. These data further support the notion that the emb region determines intrinsic and acquired resistance to EMB and might help in the reassessment of the current recommendations for the screening and treatment of infections with EMB-resistant M. tuberculosis and NTM.     

Visualization of mitochondria with green fluorescent protein in cultured fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial diseases

cDNAs for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and for a GFP fusion protein containing the presequence of human ornithine transcarbamylase (pOTC-GFP) were transfected into cultured human fibroblasts. GFP cDNA gave diffuse fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas pOTC-GFP cDNA gave mitochondria-associated fluorescence. Fluorescent mitochondrial structures could be classified into five patterns: thread-like mitochondria, fine thread-like ones, rod-like ones, granular ones, and granular ones with weak cytosolic fluorescence. pOTC-GFP mutants resulted in a loss of mitochondrial fluorescence and an appearance of weak fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm. pOTC-GFP cDNA was transfected into fibroblasts from patients with various mitochondrial diseases. Higher ratios of fibroblasts with granular mitochondria and those with fine thread-like ones were observed in a patient with Reye's syndrome and a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Weak cytosolic fluorescence was sometimes observed in fibroblasts from these patients. This method will be useful to analyze mitochondrial structural alterations and disorders of mitochondrial protein import.     

Long-term efficacy of cyclical etidronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Sixty-two women (mean age 68.7 +/- 0.9 yr) with postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis were treated with cyclical etidronate therapy (400 mg for 2 weeks alternating with 12 weeks of 1 gm elemental calcium and 400 IU Vitamin D3) for a minimum of 2 yr. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (g/cm2) increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after yr 1 (4.1 +/- 0.5 per cent) and yr 2 compared with yr 1 (2.2 +/- 0.5 per cent). The response rate was 89 per cent after yr 1 and 84 per cent after yr 2. BMD of the hip (30 patients) increased by 1.5 +/- 0.9 per cent after yr 1 and 5.5 +/- 1.1 per cent (p < 0.0001) after yr 2 when compared with baseline. The response rate was 63 per cent after yr 1 and 80 per cent after yr 2. Smaller numbers of patients continued with treatment up to 4 yr with no adverse long-term effects.     

Human recombinant anti-Rh(D) monoclonal antibodies: improvement of biological properties by in vitro class-switch

The aim of this study was to investigate how intrauterine growth retardation affects body proportions in VLBW infants. The cohort consisted of 135 surviving and 80 deceased preterm infants weighing less than 1250 grams at birth. Gestational age varied between 24 and 36 weeks (mean age 29.7 and 27.5 weeks, respectively). Birth weight was more than 2 SD below the mean birth standard values in 32% of the surviving, and in 27% of the deceased infants. Reduction of weight, length and head circumference at birth was analysed using Z scores based on Swedish birth standards. Z scores of weight, length and head circumference were highly correlated in the surviving and the deceased infants (r = 0.78 to 0.94 and 0.65 to 0.97, respectively). Length was significantly more affected by growth retardation than weight. Weight and head circumference were proportionately reduced. Intrauterine growth retardation influences body proportions in VLBW infants differently than in larger preterm and term infants.     

Electrical linewidth test structures fabricated in monocrystallinefilms for reference-material applications

The physical widths of reference features incorporated into electrical linewidth test structures patterned in films of monocrystalline silicon have been determined from Kelvin voltage measurements. The films in which the test structures are patterned are electrically insulated from the bulk-silicon substrate by a layer of silicon dioxide provided by SIMOX (Separation by the IMplantation of OXygen) processing. The motivation is to facilitate the development of linewidth reference materials for critical-dimension (CD) metrology-instrument calibration. The selection of the (110) orientation of the starting silicon and the orientation of the structures' features relative to the crystal lattice enable a lattice-plane-selective etch to generate reference-feature properties of rectangular cross section and atomically planar sidewalls. These properties are highly desirable for CD applications in which feature widths are certified with nanometer-level uncertainty for use by a diverse range of CD instruments. End applications include the development and calibration of new generations of CD instruments directed at controlling processes for manufacturing devices having sub-quarter-micrometer features     

A unified diode model for circuit simulation

A new commercially available diode model is described. This unified model is capable of simulating the widest range of diode technologies of any presently available. The emphasis of this paper is on describing the model's extensive features and flexibility in the different domains of operation and is of particular interest in power applications