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61.
62.
Cigarette smoking and the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence: a hypothesis to explain the paradox
As recognized precursor lesions to colorectal cancer, colorectal adenomatous polyps have been studied to enhance knowledge of colorectal cancer etiology. Although most of the known risk factors for colorectal cancer are also associated with the occurrence of colorectal adenomas, cigarette smoking has had a strong, consistent relationship with colorectal adenomas but is generally not associated with colorectal cancer. The explanation for this paradox is unknown. With data collected in 1986-1988 during a large case-control study based on colonoscopy results in New York City, New York, the authors investigated the possibility that the paradox may arise because subjects with colorectal adenomas were included in the control group of cancer case-control studies. The authors found a statistically significant increased risk between heavy cigarette smoking (smokers with > or = 40 pack-years of smoking) and risk of adenoma (odds ratio (OR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.44). They saw no increased colorectal cancer risk from heavy cigarette smoking (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.52-1.99) using a "manufactured" control group to simulate a typical unscreened, population-based control group. When the authors compared these colorectal cancer cases with an adenoma-free control group examined by colonoscopy in a polytomous model with several case groups (newly diagnosed adenomas, carcinoma in situ, intramucosal carcinoma, and colorectal cancer), they found that the risk for 20-39 pack-years of smoking was elevated, although not statistically significant, and was similar for all four case groups. The risk for the highest smoking category (> or = 40 pack-years) was more strongly elevated in all four case groups, although it was statistically significant for only the newly diagnosed adenoma and the carcinoma in situ cases (adenomas, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.42; carcinoma in situ, OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.01-4.15; intramucosal carcinoma, OR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.61-2.77; and colorectal cancer, OR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.64-2.65). While the authors' study is weakened by the lack of statistical significance concerning risk for colorectal cancer, these data offer some support for the hypothesis that the association between cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal cancer may have been masked by inclusion in the control group of subjects with adenomas. They also suggest that the major effect of smoking on the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence occurs in the earlier stages of the formation of adenoma and the development of carcinoma in situ. 相似文献
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研究基于计算机视觉的实时动态手势识别技术,并利用OpenCV计算机视觉库在VS2010平台上设计一个基于该技术在多媒体教学中PPT演示控制方面的应用。首先,利用背景差分法进行手势检测,在背景更新的基础上,通过背景差分图和颜色直方图的反投影图来检测运动手势区域,可以达到较为满意的实时运动手势检测效果;其次,采用基于颜色直方图的粒子跟踪算法进行手势跟踪,基本能满足跟踪的实时性;最后,在手势识别阶段,采用基于Hu不变矩的轮廓匹配算法,得到较好的手势识别效果;使用六种手势,来实现演示文稿中的控制应用。 相似文献
65.
Two bacteriophages were isolated from field collected samples representing two different mosquito breeding places. The phage AB-1 (isolated from Abheit village, Faiyoum Governorate "seepage water") and the phage GA-2 (isolated from El-Gabal El-Asfer Qualyobia Governorate "sewage drain water") were purified. Both bacteriophages were ultrastructurally described with respect to their morphology, dimensions, phases of bacterial attack and lysogeny. No major differences were observed between both isolated phages in relation to specificity, however; they were isolated from two different types of breeding places and two different geographic areas as well. This study may assume a wide host range of the isolated phages and reflect how bacterial insecticides used for mosquito larval control could be inhibited by such bacteriophage. 相似文献
66.
HW Klafki AI Pick I Pardowitz T Cole LA Awni HU Barnikol F Mayer HD Kratzin N Hilschmann 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,374(12):1117-1122
Motivated by the finding that the amino acid sequence of the Bence Jones protein BJP-DIA was identical to that of the main protein component of the amyloid fibrils obtained from the same patient with AL-amyloidosis, (Klafki, H.-W., Kratzin, H.-D., Pick, A.-I., Eckart, K., Karas, M. & Hilschmann, N. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 3265-3272.), we attempted to create "amyloid-like" fibrils from the Bence Jones protein in vitro, without addition of proteolytic enzymes. Reduction of BJP-DIA, solubilized in PBS, pH 7.4, overnight at 37 degrees C resulted in the formation of a precipitate which had affinity for the dye Congo red. Electron microscopy of negatively stained samples of the reduced protein revealed aggregates of linear unbranched fibrils. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the precipitate consisted almost exclusively of intact light chain molecules. This result makes it possible to deduce a molecular model of these amyloid fibrils generated in vitro. 相似文献
67.
流域水文模型已成为流域水文信息提取的重要手段。运用Arc Hydro模型以松花江流域为研究对象,以分辨率为90 m的SRTM DEM为数据源,以松花江流域1∶25万水系矢量数据为参照,分别在400,500和600 km2三个不同集水面积阈值下进行河网提取。运用图像比对软件Alike Duplicate Image Finder对所提取河网进行精度分析。结果显示:集水面积阈值为500 km2下提取的河网最为精确。在500 km2集水面积阈值基础上,运用Arc Hydro模型将松花江流域划分为642个子流域。基于Arc Hydro模型提取的松花江流域河网与实际河网基本一致,说明利用该模型进行流域水文信息提取是合理可行的。 相似文献
68.
采用软模板自组装的方法,使用偶氮染料甲基橙为掺杂剂,以及不同的氧化剂三氯化铁、过硫酸铵(APS)制备出具有纳米/微米结构的聚吡咯材料;同时,采用了其他不同的偶氮染料金橙Ⅳ、橙黄G和偶氮荧光桃红成功合成出其他纳米/微米结构材料聚吡咯.利用傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、四探针电阻率测试仪对材料进行表征.结果表明甲基橙分子高度掺杂在聚吡咯分子链中,改变了聚吡咯分子的共轭结构,使其产生了缺陷,从而能够增加聚吡咯的导电性能;用甲基橙为掺杂剂合成的聚吡咯都成一维管状,说明甲基橙掺杂剂在反应中起到了纤维状胶束模板的作用;其他偶氮染料金橙Ⅳ、橙黄G和偶氮荧光桃红为掺杂剂时没有形成聚吡咯纳米管状结构;金橙Ⅳ体系合成的聚吡咯电导率最高. 相似文献
69.
为得到反应釜温度良好的控制效果,需克服反应釜温度控制系统的大惯性、时变与非线性特性.以常规模糊控制为基础,结合插值算法,设计了一种新型的反应釜目标温度优化方案.采用离线计算、在线查表的方式,使计算简便、控制简单.仿真结果表明,该方法具有控制精确度高、动态性能好以及跟踪能力强的特点. 相似文献
70.
煤矸石基聚合氯化铝铁微波水解聚合过程模型 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
设计了煤矸石微波法制聚合氯化铝铁的工艺流程.考虑了微波效率及体系向环境的热传导,通过相关试验,计算得到了煤矸石基聚合氯化铝铁在微波场中的水解聚合能E=257.05kJ·mol-1.引入了Ea=E的假设,建立了煤矸石基聚合氯化铝铁微波水解聚合的反应动力学方程.研究表明:320W微波功率下,反应动力学拟合方程的反应级数β=0.140,表观频率因子k0=1.10×10\+-3mol0.860·L-0.860·s-1,模型计算值与试验值拟合良好,相关系数R=0.999 9.在528W及680W两功率水平下过程模型的计算值也均与试验值拟合良好,相关系数均大于0.999 8. 相似文献