Hypothermic ischaemia of the liver: a re-perfusion phenomenon

BACKGROUND: The effects of hypothermic injury to the liver were investigated on an isolated perfusion circuit by comparing porcine livers with varying degrees of preservation injury. METHODS: A group of unstored livers (n = 5) were compared to livers stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for 18 h (n = 5), and a group of livers stored in Hartmann's solution for 18 h (n = 5). RESULTS: We observed that the degree of platelet sequestration was directly related to the severity of the preservation injury. After 2 h of isolated liver perfusion, the perfusate platelet count fell from 148 +/- 14 x 10(9)/L to 84 +/- 13 x 10(9)/L for control livers. In comparison for livers stored in UW solution, the platelet count fell from 173 +/- 43 x 10(9)/L to 61 +/- 14 x 10(9)/L representing a 64.8% fall, while for those stored in Hartmann's solution, an even more profound fall from 152 +/- 36 x 10(9)/L to 19 +/- 9 x 10(9)/L (87.5% fall) was observed. The difference between the UW-stored and Hartmann's-stored livers was significant (P < 0.05). However, using this model, the degree of leukocyte sequestration did not differentiate the groups. Both histological and ultrastructural examination of liver biopsies taken immediately following revascularization demonstrated that for mild degrees of preservation injury following hypothermic storage, changes occur to the sinusoidal lining cells well before changes to the parenchymal elements. CONCLUSIONS: These findings substantiate the hypothesis that the primary injury associated with hypothermia involves the sinusoidal lining cells (non-parenchymal elements), that it is predominantly a reperfusion phenomenon and that efforts at improving preservation should therefore be targeted primarily at these cells and not the hepatocytes.     

Monte Carlo and analytical calculation of proton pencil beams for computerized treatment plan optimization

Proton pencil beams in water, in a format suitable for treatment planning algorithms and covering the radiotherapy energy range (50-250 MeV), have been calculated using a modified version of the Monte Carlo code PTRAN. A simple analytical model has also been developed for calculating proton broad-beam dose distributions which is in excellent agreement with the Monte Carlo calculations. Radial dose distributions are also calculated analytically and narrow proton pencil-beam dose distributions derived. The physical approximations in the Monte Carlo code and in the analytical model together with their limitations are discussed. Examples showing the use of the calculated set of proton pencil beams as input to an existing photon treatment planning algorithm based on biological optimization are given for fully 3D scanned proton pencil beams; these include intensity modulated beams with range shift and scanning in the transversal plane.     

Interleukin-12 induces relapse in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat

Acute, monophasic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat shows pathological similarities to the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Rats that recover from EAE are essentially resistant to disease reinduction, unlike MS in which relapses are frequently associated with common bacterial and viral infections. As macrophage-derived interleukin (IL)-12 is a critical component of innate resistance to bacterial infection and appears to directly activate encephalitogenic T cells in vivo, the ability of this cytokine to reinduce paralysis in EAE was examined. Paralytic disease was exacerbated by intraperitoneal IL-12 administration and could be reinduced up to 1 week after recovery from the primary clinical episode. Concomitant with worsening of initial clinical signs and relapse was an increase in the ratio of macrophages to T cells in brain stem perivascular cuffs and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells with both macrophage and microglial morphology. These findings suggest that IL-12 may contribute to macrophage-mediated disease exacerbation and relapse in patients with MS.     

Successful weight loss in a self-taught, self-administered program

There is little evidence concerning the effectiveness of self-help materials for weight control. The purpose of this research was to evaluate a self-help weight-loss program. Obese (body fat > or = 25.0%, range = 25.0-48.6%, mean +/- SEM = 36.5 +/- 1.3%) men (n = 14) and women (n = 21) were given a workbook detailing a behavior modification approach to weight loss that emphasizes self-monitoring of diet and exercise behaviors, and then sent home for 6 months to learn how to lose weight on their own. A group of 9 controls (CONT) who did not get a workbook were used for comparison. ANOVA showed that the experimental group (EXP) lost 8.1 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) kg body weight, 6.4 +/- 0.8 kg fat, and 3.9 +/- 0.6% body fat; all significant over time (p < 0.001) and different from the CONT (p < 0.0001) who showed no change in these variables. The EXP also reduced their fat intake (% of joules) from 36.1 +/- 1.0% to 27.9 +/- 1.3% (p < 0.0001), increased their carbohydrate intake from 45.7 +/- 1.2% to 50.0 +/- 1.7% (p < 0.007) and their protein intake from 16.3 +/- 0.05% to 20.7 +/- 0.7% (0 < 0.03), all of which were significantly different (p < 0.03) than the CONT who did not change. Dietary fiber increased in the EXP from 19.8 +/- 1.4 to 27.3 +/- 2.2 g/d (p < 0.001) even with a significant reduction in energy intake (11.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 8.9 +/- 0.5 Mj/d; p < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Isolation of Shigella dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13 from patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh

Nine isolates of bacteria biochemically resembling Shigella dysenteriae but not belonging to the 10 recognized serotypes were isolated from patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh. Further studies suggested that two, one, and six isolates belonged to the recently recognized S. dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13, respectively.