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21.
This paper presents the results of a longitudinal psychosocial study of 22 cranial trauma patients and 14 stroke patients from the time preceding injury (using retrospective data), through a 4-5 month intensive rehabilitation programme, to a follow-up 1 year after completion of the programme. Although the two groups of patients differed on several demographic and medical characteristics, essentially similar patterns for psychosocial decline following injury and improvement following rehabilitation could be observed. For both groups, the proportion in marital or cohabitational relationships returned to pre-injury levels, and for both groups the proportion requiring assistance in their living situation declined following rehabilitation, as did use of the health services. Virtually all patients in both groups had been in employment or undergoing education at the time of the injury, and although this percentage declined in practice to a small minority of both groups post-injury, there was a significant increase in the proportions working or in education following the rehabilitation programme. Similarly, the pattern of leisure-time activities in both groups declined post-injury and was restored following rehabilitation. Since both groups entered the programme at over 2.5 years post-injury, these generally encouraging results seem less likely to reflect spontaneous recovery than a beneficial effect of the programme itself. 相似文献
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AA Sazanov LA Alekseevich AL Sazanova AF Smirnov 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,32(7):869-878
Various molecular methods are now used to map the chicken genome, including chromosome scraping, flow cytofluorimetry, zonal centrifugation, construction of chromosome-specific libraries, genetic analysis with polymorphic DNA markers, and in situ hybridization. Two main drawbacks are characteristic of existing maps of chicken chromosomes. First, classic genetic maps (i.e., linkage groups of genes for morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters), physical maps of chromosomes, and new genetic maps constructed on the basis of polymorphic DNA markers (RFLP, RAPD, VNTR, SSR, and CR1-PCR) do not coordinate with one another. Second, a relatively low number of genes is present in classic genetic maps and physical chromosome maps. Application of cytogenetic methods to chromosome mapping in birds is limited because of some specific features characteristic of the organization of avian genomes. For the same reason, studying the location and expression of avian genes is very important. Since mammalian and avian genomes differ in structure, revealing their possible common functional characteristics will provide for a better understanding of the general mechanisms that control biologically important characters in higher animals. 相似文献
25.
The noninvasive measurement of cardiac output (Q) by the Indirect Fick CO2-rebreathing technique requires mixed venous P CO2 (P CO2) to be determined by the rebreathing maneuver, and Pa CO2 to be estimated from end-tidal P CO2 (PET CO2). Previous work has suggested that although P CO2 can be determined, Pa CO2 cannot be accurately estimated in patients with significant airflow limitation. Nineteen patients with cystic fibrosis who had severe airflow limitation (%FEV1, 29.3 +/- 7.12 SD) were studied during steady-state exercise at 50% of their measured maximal work capacity. Estimated Pa CO2 was slightly lower than Pa CO2 measured from blood samples obtained from an indwelling arterial catheter (measured: 45.2 +/- 4.92; estimate: 42.7 +/- 5.68 mm Hg). To calculate arterial blood content, the values derived from Pa CO2, pH, hemoglobin (Hb), and O2 saturation were compared with those derived from PET CO2 and O2 saturation, where (1) pH was assumed to be 7.40 and Hb was measured, and (2) pH was assumed to be 7.40 and Hb was assumed to be 15 g/dl (measured mean pH, 7.34; Hb, 14.4 g/dl). No difference in arterial CO2 content was seen between the three methods (measured: 47.53 +/- 5.17; estimate 1: 49.57 +/- 6.58; estimate 2: 49.12 +/- 6.61 ml/100 ml). As pH and Hb can also affect mixed venous CO2 content, the effect on Q was also assessed. Both estimates fit closely with measured Q (r2=0.77 and 0.76), with intercepts not different from zero and slopes not different from 1, and coefficients of variation of 13.5 and 14.6%. When viewed with regard to the confidence intervals for Q as a function of O2 consumption, Q was altered to a minor extent. We conclude that the use of PET CO2 to estimate Pa CO2 can give reasonable values for Q determined noninvasively in patients with severe airflow limitation. 相似文献
26.
The possible hypocholesterolaemic properties of milk and fermented milk products have been investigated in groups of albino rats given a basal diet, basal diet plus cholesterol, and basal diet plus cholesterol together with whole milk or standard or bifidus yogurt. The yogurts were fortified with skim milk powder, condensed whey or lactose-hydrolysed condensed whey. After 30 d, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured in serum. Whole milk and ordinary yogurt had no hypocholesterolaemic effect, but standard yogurt containing lactose-hydrolysed condensed whey and all bifidus yogurts lowered serum cholesterol. In general, yogurts changed HDL-cholesterol little, but tended to raise triacylglycerols. There was marked lowering of LDL-cholesterol in rats given either type of yogurt fortified with whey proteins. This study has demonstrated in a rat model that bifidus yogurts and yogurts fortified with whey proteins can reduce total and LDL-cholesterol, and suggests that if they have the same effect in human subjects they have potential value in cholesterol-lowering diets. 相似文献
27.
The purpose of this study was to characterize quality of care problems among Medicare and Medicaid inpatients in New York State. The patients selected for this study comprised 1991 and 1992 Medicare and all 1992 Medicaid inpatients in whom quality of care problems with actual or potential adverse effects were found. The patients in this study were drawn from public, proprietary, voluntary and teaching hospitals. A total of 1000 quality of care problems with either actual or potential adverse effects were found in 706 Medicare patients. Two hundred and seventy-five (275) quality of care problems with actual or potential adverse effects were found in 154 Medicaid patients. Premature death occurred in 53 (7.4%) of the 706 Medicare and in 42 (27.2%) of the 154 Medicaid patients. Treatment problems and monitoring failures accounted for the majority of quality of care problems with actual or potential adverse effects for both Medicare (63.0%) and Medicaid (75.7%) patients. Among Medicare patients, the treatment of infections and antibiotic use, fluid and electrolyte management, and inappropriate drug use were among the leading causes of quality of care problems. Attending physicians were associated with the majority of Medicare quality of care problems while house staff and attending physicians were associated with the majority of those among Medicaid patients. The results of this study indicate that there are several leading causes of quality of care problems among Medicare and Medicaid patients. Treatment problems and monitoring failures together comprise the majority of such problems. Among Medicare patients, it was found that most quality of care problems were associated with the treatment of infections and antibiotic use, fluid and electrolyte management, and inappropriate drug use. Most quality of care problems among Medicaid patients were associated with these categories as well as with labor and delivery problems, and poor discharge planning. The results of this study reflect the peer-review process in which providers are given an opportunity to respond to physician-reviewer decisions about the presence of actual or potential adverse effects. Such a process, which permits the presentation of additional data and information by providers, produces fewer final adverse outcome determinations than a process uniquely based on chart review. The quality of care problems observed in this study are amenable to focused educational interventions. Such remedial interventions could yield significant improvements in the quality of care for all patients. 相似文献
28.
NC Day PJ Shaw AL McCormack PJ Craig W Smith R Beattie TL Williams SB Ellis PG Ince MM Harpold D Lodge SG Volsen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,71(4):1013-1024
The distribution of voltage-dependent calcium channel subunits in the central nervous system may provide information about the function of these channels. The present study examined the distribution of three alpha-1 subunits, alpha 1A, alpha 1B and alpha 1E, in the normal human hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus using the techniques of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. All three subunit mRNAs appeared to be similarly localized, with high levels of expression in the dentate granule and CA pyramidal layer. At the protein level, alpha 1A, alpha 1B and alpha 1E subunits were differentially localized. In general, alpha 1A-immunoreactivity was most intense in cell bodies and dendritic processes, including dentate granule cells, CA3 pyramidal cells and entorhinal cortex pre-alpha and pri-alpha cells. The alpha 1B antibody exhibited relatively weak staining of cell bodies but stronger staining of neuropil, especially in certain regions of high synaptic density such as the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and the stratum lucidum and radiatum of the CA regions. The alpha 1E staining pattern shared features in common with both alpha 1A and alpha 1B, with strong immunoreactivity in dentate granule, CA3 pyramidal and entorhinal cortex pri-alpha cells, as well as staining of the CA3 stratum lucidum. These findings suggest regions in which particular subunits may be involved in synaptic communication. For example, comparison of alpha 1B and alpha 1E staining in the CA3 stratum lucidum with calbindin-immuno-reactivity suggested that these two calcium channels subunits may be localized presynaptically in mossy fibre terminals and therefore may be involved in neurotransmitter release from these terminals. 相似文献
29.
ML Price AL Curtis LG Kirby RJ Valentino I Lucki 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,18(6):492-502
The serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus is innervated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and expresses CRF receptors, suggesting that endogenous CRF impacts on this system. The present study characterized interactions between CRF and the dorsal raphe serotonin (5-HT) system. The effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered CRF on microdialysate concentrations of 5-HT in the lateral striatum of freely moving rats were determined. CRF had biphasic effects, with 0.1 and 0.3 microgram decreasing, and 3.0 micrograms increasing 5-HT dialysate concentrations. i.c.v. administration of CRF inhibited neuronal activity of the majority of dorsal raphe neurons at both low (0.3 microgram) and high (3 micrograms) doses. Likewise, intraraphe administration of CRF (0.3 and 1.0 ng) had predominantly inhibitory effects on discharge rate. Together, these results suggest that CRF is positioned to regulate the function of the dorsal raphe serotonergic system via actions within the cell body region. This regulation may play a role in stress-related psychiatric disorders in which 5-HT has been implicated. 相似文献
30.
Localization of putative tumor suppressor loci by genome-wide allelotyping in human pancreatic endocrine tumors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
DC Chung SB Brown F Graeme-Cook LG Tillotson AL Warshaw RT Jensen A Arnold 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,58(16):3706-3711
Only two tumor suppressor gene loci, one on 3p25 and the MEN1 gene on 11q13, have thus far been implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic human pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). A genome-wide allelotyping study of 28 human PETs was undertaken to identify other potential tumor suppressor gene loci. In addition to those on chromosomes 3p and 11q, frequent allelic deletions were identified on 3q (32%), 11p (36%), 16p (36%), and 22q (29%). Finer deletion mapping studies localized the smallest regions of common deletion to 3q27, 11p13, and 16p12.3-13.11. Potential candidate genes at these loci include WT1 (11p13), TSC2 (16p13), and NF2 (22q12), but no known tumor suppressor gene localizes to 3q27. The mean fractional allelic loss among these human PETs is 0.126, and no correlation was observed between allelic loss and clinical parameters, including age, sex, hormonal subtype, and disease stage. These findings highlight novel locations of tumor suppressor gene loci that contribute to the pathogenesis of human PETs, and several of these on 3p, 3q, and 22q are syntenic with loci on mouse chromosomes 9 and 16 that are implicated in a murine transgenic model of PETs. 相似文献