Dietary intake of Senegalese adults

The aim of this work is to identify major food sources and dietary constituents of Senegalese adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study, using a single 24-hour dietary recall interview. Foods were classified into food groups based on similarities in nutrient content or use. Food groups included foods consumed individually, or as part of food mixtures such as stews, soups, or sandwiches. Median consumption (amount/day) of each food was determined and examined by relevant subgroups. Participants were 50 healthy Senegalese men, aged 20-62 years recruited at the Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff in Dakar, Senegal and from Sendou village, a rural area outside Dakar. A total of 90 foods and beverages were identified and classified into 11 groups. Sixty-five percent of foods identified could be classified as meats, grains, or fruits/vegetables. Fruits and vegetables comprised 42% (38/90) of all foods; meats 12% (11/90); and grains 11% (10/90). Sauces (6%, 5/90), sweets (4%, 4/90), and desserts (4%, 4/90) were also reported. The most common fruits/vegetables reported were potato, carrot, mango, and lettuce; commonly reported grains were bread and rice; and commonly reported meats were fish, beef, and ox. There were no differences in reported daily intake of each food by age, ethnicity, education, or residence. Most foods reported were traditional to the Senegalese diet, despite the increasing availability of Western foods in Senegal.     

Theoretical Evaluation of the Microporosity of Pillared Layered Double Hydroxides

Over the last ten years, the concept of pillaring has frequently been applied on layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Due to the variety of possible anionic pillaring species and the adjustable layer charge density, LDHs offer good perspectives with regard to the creation of porous adsorbents and catalysts. But despite these possibilities, their porosity properties can still not compete with those of industrially applicable materials like zeolites. In this study, theoretical calculations based on geometrical models and performed on both Fe(CN)₆-MgAl-LDHs (A) and [PV₂W¹⁰ O⁴⁰]-ZnAl-LDHs (B) were reported. Properties such as the micropore volume and the interpillar distance were calculated, and compared to experimental data. For a M(II)/M(III) ratio in the layers of 3, the theoretical maximum micropore volumes were 0.3843 cm³/g (A) and 0.1497 cm³/g (B), respectively. By implementing parameters like the stack size, pillars on the outside of the stacks and the possibility of collapse, the model was adjusted in order to create a realistic picture of the microstructure of pillared LDHs. This led to a better understanding of the limiting factors, and gave an explanation for the relatively low micropore volumes of pillared LDHs. For the Fe(CN)₆-MgAl-LDHs, small interpillar distances were responsible for the partial inaccessibility of the interlayer regions by N₂. This effect was the most pronounced for high charge density LDHs. The situation for the [PV₂W¹⁰O⁴⁰]-ZnAl-LDHs is more complex. Probably due to an incomplete pillaring process, the theoretical maximum values are not reached.     

A spectrum of diseases of the thyroid gland as imaged by gray scale water bath sonography

A method of performing gray scale thyroid echography with a 3.5 MHz focused transducer and an open water bath is described. A preliminary echographic classification of abnormalities and representative echograms illustrating various thyroid disorders are presented.     

Insulin, glucagon, portal systemic shunting, and hepatic failure in the dog

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition was studied in 54 premature infants. The pregnancy was normal and the delivery normal and non traumatic in all of them, and the 5 minutes Apgar score ranged from 6 to 9. No abnormalities were found on physical examination including neurological examination. Blood cell countings and blood gasometry were normal. CSF composition was studied as to: total cell count and total protein, glucose, bilirrubin and hemoglobin concentrations. Data found permit to stablish as physiologic the following values: leucocytes, until 16 per cumm; erithrocytes, until 1,280 per cumm; total protein content until 300 mgm/100 ml; bilirrubin until 80 micrometer/1; hemoglobin until 8 micrometer/1; glucose, two thirds of the concentration found in the blood. Protein, bilirrubin and hemoglobin are significantly increased as compared to values found for the CSF of 79 fullterm normal newborn babies evaluated previously. Hemoglobin was not detected in the CSF of any full term newborn baby. The differences found are probably due to a less efficient blood-CSF barrier in premature infants as compared to full-term newborn babies.     

PGM3 locus and its genetic polymorphism in lymphocytes of the pig

PGM3 activity was investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. In the pig of the German Landrace three different phenotypes have been recognized: F, S and FS. Family studies suggest the occurrence of at least two alleles--PGM3F and the PGM3S at an autosomal locus.